A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess antibiotic usage, residues, resistance and drivers of their emergence in fish aquaculture in Northern Nigeria between 2019 and 2020. A structured questionnaire was administered to 151 randomly selected farmers. Fish, column and wastewater samples were analysed with enzyme link immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for residue detection and quantification. We performed descriptive and analytic statistical analyses. All selected farmers participated, 78.1% used antibiotics in ponds. Majority (77.1%) of the farmers did not know what antibiotic misuse entailed and 73.3% mentioned that antibiotic misuse and overuse cannot predispose to residues and resistance. The most frequently used antibiotics were tetracyclines (TCs) (99.2%). Significant risk routes for residue and resistance spread were: contaminated fish and its products ingestion, direct contact with fish and fomites contaminated as well as water and aerosols contaminated in the pond environment. Significant social and cultural that influenced residue and resistance development include antibiotics misuse/overuse (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.62–8.74) as well as poor education and expertise of the farmers (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.24–6.94). The mean TCs residues level in column and wastewater was 123.6 ± 18.2 μg/kg−1. Poor knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic usage were identified. Adequate antibiotic stewardship should be promoted through farmers’ education. Identified social and cultural factors can be mitigated through the ‘One Health’ approach.

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No abstract available.

The South African government recognises the value of traditional healing and supports an integrated healthcare system. In the veterinary field, successful integration depends on the perceptions of different animal healthcare practitioners (AHCPs). This study aimed to determine the perceptions of ethnoveterinary medicine among state-employed veterinarians and animal health technicians in the North West province. A mixed model questionnaire and non-probability sampling gathered quantitative and qualitative data from 53 participants. Statistical and thematic analysis processes were applied to quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Overall, 77.4% of participants were aware of ethnoveterinary medicine practices. Approval of the use of ethnoveterinary medicine by farmers was above-average at a mean of 3.57, standard deviation (s.d.) = 1.016 on a 5-point Likert scale. However, 65.9% doubted the effectiveness of ethnoveterinary medicine, which suggests tolerance but no appreciation of its value. The Chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between district municipality of employment and awareness at χ2 = 17.490, df = 3, p = 0.001. Thematic analysis of comments showed that some participants perceived ethnoveterinary medicine as unscientific and interfering with Western veterinary medicine, while some considered it a good complement to Western veterinary medicine. The study also found that 20.8% of AHCPs use ethnoveterinary medicine to treat certain diseases. In conclusion, the lack of appreciation for ethnoveterinary medicine among AHCPs may hinder government-proposed integration, emphasising the need for programmes to improve perceptions among these stakeholders. Contribution: This is first such study to report on perceptions of ethnoveterinary medicine among AHCPs, and assess their readiness for an integrated animal health system.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the death of 7.1 million people worldwide as of 7 July 2024. In Nigeria, the first confirmed case was reported on 27 February 2020, subsequently followed by a nationwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 with morbidity and mortality reaching 267 173 and 3155, respectively, as of 7 July 2024. At the beginning of the pandemic, only a few public health laboratories in Nigeria had the capacity for SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis. The National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), already experienced in influenza diagnosis, responded to the public health challenge for the diagnosis of COVID-19 samples from humans. The feat was possible through the collective utilisation of NVRI human and material resources, including biosafety facilities, equipment, reagents and consumables donated by international partners and collaborators. Within 6 months of the reported COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria, over 33 000 samples were processed in NVRI facilities covering five states. Thereafter, many field and laboratory projects were jointly implemented between NVRI and collaborating sectors including the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), which brought together professionals in the health, veterinary, education and socio-sciences. In addition, One Health grants were secured to enhance surveillance for coronavirus and other zoonoses and build capacity in genomics. Bio-surveillance for coronaviruses and other emerging zoonotic pathogens at the human–animal interface was activated and continued with sample collection and analysis in the laboratory for coronaviruses, Lassa fever virus and Mpox. One Health approach has shown that inter-sectoral and multinational collaboration for diagnosis, research and development in animals, and the environment to better understand pathogen spillover events at the human–animal interface is an important global health priority and pandemic preparedness.

No abstract available

In industrial food production, food preservatives like sodium nitrite are used more frequently. The use of some food preservatives has been linked to teratogenic and carcinogenic effects. In order to investigate the effects of food additives such as sorbitol and natural antioxidant substances on rats forty adult male albino rats, approximately one month and a half were divided into four groups as follows, Group 1 serves as control group supplement with (Nacl 0.9% normal saline).Group 2 received a sodium nitrite supplement (30 mg/kg BW), group 3 supplemented initially with sodium nitrite and glutathione and group 4 supplemented with glutathione (6.42 mg/kg BW). A variety of parameters were measured, including the number of red and white blood cells (RBCs & WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb) level, hematocrit (Hct) value, glucose level, and serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase (ALT & AST) activity analysis.  The results clearly showed that (RBCs), (Hb) concentration, and (Hct) value of rats treated with sodium nitrite for two months exhibit significant decrease when compared to the control and treated groups, rats given with either glutathione alone or glutathione plus sodium nitrite showed significant decrease in their serum glucose levels and there was discernible elevation in the serum activity of AST and ALT in rats treated with glutathione alone. Rats treated with sodium nitrite showed a substantial decrease (P< 0.05) in AST activity after 2months when compared with the control group, whereas significant increase (P< 0.05) in ALT activity were detected after 2months  . These results indicate the harmful effects of using artificial supplements and colorings and also prove the improving effect of glutathione. Due to the potentially harmful effects of food additives, it is advised that the use of S. N. as an additive be kept to a minimum. Gluathione, on the other hand, can prevent toxic effects.

The current study, we investigated the effect of capsaicin alone or combined with metformin on induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rat adult females. The total number of animals was used (70). The study was divided into two experiments: The first experiment was to induce polycystic ovary syndrome in (50) animals were divided as follows: GI (n= 10) (CMC) served as a control group. The reminder (n = 40) GII were given Letrozole 1 mg\kg. The duration of this experiment continued (21 day). At the end of experiment, (n=10) females that received letrozole were scarified and considered as (PCOS subgroup). The GI (n=10) CMC were also scarified to ensured PCOS accrued. For histochemical analysis, the ovaries of female rats were isolated and fixed in a formalin solution 10%. In a second experiment, the reminder of female rats from first experiments GII (PCOS group n=30) divided into three subgroups (10 animals/subgroup: (Capsaicin + letrozole) subgroup, was given 0.5 mg/kg of capsaicin, (metformin) subgroup was given metformin 9 mg\ kg and (metformin + capsaicin + letrozole) subgroup. The remainder of the total number of animals studied (n = 20) (PCOS not induced) were divided into (10 animals/subgroup) (alcohol subgroup) as control group that was given 0.5 ml from alcohol and (capsaicin) without induction of polycystic ovary syndrome as a positive control subgroup, was given capsaicin (0.5 mg/ kg). The second experiment continued for 21-days after the end of the experiment. All animals were sacrificed and the ovaries were removed, fixed (10% buffered formalin), and prepared for histochemical study using Mallory's trichrome stain. The study, we recorded multiple cysts, bleeding and mucin in the PCOS subgroup compared with the CMC group. Histochemical examinations of the treated subgroups with capsaicin alone or with metformin showed an improvement in ovarian tissue, disappearance of cysts and bleeding compared with the control groups and the PCOS subgroup. We thought that capsaicin alone or in combination with metformin showed an improvement in ovarian tissue. 

According to the global dairy industry, mastitis is the costliest production disease affecting dairy herds. Many different microorganisms, including dominant and pathogenic microorganisms like Streptococcus uberis, Corynebacterium bovis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma species, fungi, yeast, and chlamydia are the cause of it. The clinical mastitis symptoms include changes in the milk, like flakes and clots, and indications of mammary gland inflammation, like swelling, heat, pain, and edema. The term "Subclinical mastitis" is the term used to describe inflammation of the mammary gland when there is no noticeable lesion in the udder or its secretion. However, pathogenic microorganisms are still present, leading to a reduction in milk production. The milk secretion also includes bacteria and the composition of the milk changes. Choosing animal breeds resistant to disease and incorporate this trait into farm herds is an effective way to reduce the issues brought on by infectious diseases Thus, the need for medication, which will lower environmental and product contamination levels, will be reduced. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge regarding the causes, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and avoidance of bovine mastitis.