A Survey of gastrointestinal helminthes/ parasites in camel migrated from Tehsil Jalapur Pir Wala to Multan Tehsil, was carried out during May, 2012.A total number of 50 samples (20 males and 30 females) were collected from various places at Multan. The revealed parasites were mixed helminthic infection and identified as strongylidae spp, trichostrongyle spp, coccidian/eimeria spp and isospora spp.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic infectious disease of cattle in Egypt. This survey aimed to define the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical LSD virus (LSDV) infection among cattle and investigate their contact with water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in order to improve the understanding of LSD epidemiology. Cattle and buffalo were examined owing to the appearance of skin lesions. Because clinical signs were consistent with LSDV infection, samples from cattle in a non-grazing dairy farm (n = 450) were submitted for LSDV testing together with those from the in-contact buffaloes (n = 100). Results revealed that the intra-herd percentage of cattle infected with LSDV varied with the detection method. This ranged from 22.4% to 65.4% by virus isolation (VI) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively, in clinical cattle samples, compared to 0% and 10% by VI and PCR in non-clinical cases. Using the neutralising index (NI), LSDV antibodies were found in 100% (n = 100) of the tested cow's sera (NI = > 2.0 and ≥ 3.0), whereas buffalo's sera (n = 34) displayed little increase in antibody level (NI ≥ 1.5). None of the buffalo were positive for LSDV by VI and PCR. In addition, there were no significant differences in LSD prevalence among the cattle with regard to age and sex. In conclusion, the occurrence of LSD in cattle warrants a further epidemiological study of the spread of the disease in the area and adoption of control and prevention strategies. In addition, the PCR assay was confirmed to be useful in the diagnosis of LSDV and for wider epidemiological studies.

Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants such as sheep, goats and camels. The identification and characterisation of a parapoxvirus (PPV) infecting camels is described here. The virus was detected in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Kerman and Shiraz in Iran. PPV-specific amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) further confirmed that the disease was associated with PPV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF011 (B2L) gene sequences showed 99.79% and 82.13% similarity of the PPV identified in this study with the Jodhpur isolate and the bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) isolates (CE41), respectively. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the ORF045 gene indicated that the Shiraz sample was in all probability closely related to VR634 and to F00.120R and PCPV776. In conclusion, the results suggest that camel PPV (CPPV) is a likely cause of contagious ecthyma in dromedary camels in Iran.

The intensification of cattle production has raised concern for animal welfare due to the stress that is associated with farming practices. The welfare of an animal is determined by the animal's ability to cope with or adapt to its continuously changing environment and the biological cost that is associated with this adaptation and maintenance. Stressors arise from various psychological, physiological and physical aspects of farming practices due to management and human-cattle interactions. Measuring the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis with plasma cortisol levels is a useful method for determining the effects of stress on animals as it is stimulated at the onset of a perceived stress. The activation of the HPA axis affects various target tissues or systems and can result in suppression of the immune system, increased susceptibility to disease and adverse effects on reproductive success in prenatal and neonatal calves. Although some levels of stress associated with farming practices are unavoidable, improvements in farming methods need to be implemented in order to maintain or increase the efficiency of cattle production in a way that does not compromise the welfare of the animal.

African animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-Saharan African countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. Trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of Swiss white mice (n = 6). We further determined the vectorial capacity of Glossina pallidipes, for each of the trypanosome isolates. Results showed that the overall pre-patent (PP) periods were 8.4 ± 0.9 (range, 4-11) and 4.5 ± 0.2 (range, 4-6) for T. congolense and T. brucei isolates, respectively (p < 0.01). Despite the longer mean PP, T. congolense-infected mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) shorter survival time than T. brucei-infected mice, indicating greater virulence. Differences were also noted among the individual isolates with T. congolense KETRI 2909 causing the most acute infection of the entire group with a mean ± standard error survival time of 9 ± 2.1 days. Survival time of infected tsetse flies and the proportion with mature infections at 30 days post-exposure to the infective blood meals varied among isolates, with subacute infection-causing T. congolense EATRO 1829 and chronic infection-causing T. brucei EATRO 2267 isolates showing the highest mature infection rates of 38.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides further evidence of occurrence of differences in virulence and transmissibility of eastern African trypanosome strains and has identified two, T. congolense EATRO 1829 and T. brucei EATRO 2267, as suitable for tsetse infectivity and transmissibility experiments.

Query (Q) fever is a globally distributed zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, a bacterial agent for which ruminants are the most prevalent natural reservoir. Data regarding Q fever infection in camels in Algeria are limited. Therefore, a survey to detect seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies was conducted among healthy camel populations in a vast area in southeastern Algeria to determine distribution of the Q fever causative organism and to identify risk factors associated with infection. Between January and March 2016, blood samples were collected from 184 camels and serum samples were subsequently analysed using a commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. At the time of blood collection, a questionnaire investigating 13 potential predisposing factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity was completed for every dromedary camel and herd. Results were analysed by a chi-square (&#967;²) test and multivariate logistic regression. The seroprevalence of C. burnetii at the animal level was 71.2% (95% CI: 65.2-78.3) and 85.3% (95% CI: 72.8-97.8) at the herd level. At the animal level, differences in seroprevalence were observed because of herd size, animal age, animal sex, presence of ticks and contact with other herds. A multivariable logistic regression model identified three main risk factors associated with individual seropositivity: (1) age class > 11 years (OR = 8.81, 95% CI: 2.55-30.41), (2) herd size > 50 head (OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.01-19.59) and (3) infestation with ticks (OR 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). This study of seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection in camels in Algeria revealed a high seroprevalence of Q fever in camel populations in southeastern Algeria and provided strong evidence that Q fever represents an economic, public health and veterinary concern. Appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the spread of C. burnetii and to reduce the risk of Q fever in farm animals and humans in this agro-ecologically and strategically important region of North Africa.

A study was conducted to investigate the pathogenicity and the median lethal dose (LD50) of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from clinically diseased catfish against apparently healthy homologous fish to evaluate the lethality of extra-cellular products (ECPs) of the isolated strain in vivo. For pathogenicity experiment, five different concentrations of Aeromonas hydrophila strain BNS 01614 including 3× 108, 1.5 × 108, 1.5 × 107, 1.5 × 106 and 1.5 × 105 CFU/fish used via intra peritoneal. The results revealed that pathogenicity of BNS 01614 was confirmed by the mortality of 30 % to 100 % of all tested fish within 4 to 12 days with LD50 1.5 × 107 CFU/fish. The Concentrated extracellular products (ECPs) of the selected bacterium were prepared and confirmed to be toxic in Clarias garipineus with LC50 of 20µg.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This is an investigative study to explore the changes in the duration of different estrus cycle stages of cyclic female Wistar rats treated with anti-sera against bovine follicular fluid-steroid-free (ANBFF-SF), and to examine the changes of ovarian and uterine weight in association with these different stages of the cycle. The current study recruited 160 cyclic rat females, which were assigned equally into two groups. At proestrus phase, the control group received 100&mu;l/female normal saline intraperitoneally, and the treatment group received 100&micro;l/female ANBFF-SF. The duration of the four estrous phases were determined for two consecutive cycles. For vaginal smears, scarification of 20 females/phase/group was conducted, and ovaries and uteri were removed and weighted. The findings reported potential elongation of proestrus and diestrus durations and potential shortening of diestrus duration in treatment groups compared with control, whereas metestrus and total duration showed insignificant changes. The mean weight of both ovaries and uteri weight increased significantly at estrus phase in treatment group compared with control, whereas other phases showed insignificant changes between groups. In conclusion, SFBFF-AS administration has a potent role in enhancing sexual performance of cyclic female Wistar rats.

Twenty healthy adult Carp fish were collected from Dijlah river in Iraq in Summer and winter times of the year (Ten for each ). The fish were sacrificed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Routine histological preparations were carried out. Hematoxylin - Eosin stain was used. The finding of the current study showed that clear connective tissue capsule was not observed. Instead, wide loose connective tissue was surrounded the follicles. The thyroid follicles were distributed individually or in groups in the kidney and sub pharyngeal region( around the ventral aorta). The thyroid tissue was represented by thyroid follicles of different sizes and shapes. In Carp fish, the building up and organization of the follicular cells of thyroid follicles were simple and poorly organized. There was a close relationship between the morphological state of thyroid follicles and the season( temperature). The results of the present study also demonstrated that the spread of thyroid follicles in summer was more than in winter where the follicles appeared as aggregated at the periphery of renal tissue and also the results of this study showed that large and small follicles were combined. The study also registered that, during winter, the large follicles were mostly formed by the aggregation of smaller ones and that according to the physiological status of the thyroid tissue. The study concluded firstly that these follicles had the ability to wandered within the renal tissue. Moreover, the study concluded that the thyroid follicle was dynamic structure, and their sizes depending on the amount of colloid present within .

The present study aimed to investigate the histological ,histochemical changes of thyroid gland in case of induced hypothyroidism by carbimazole in domestic female rabbits . Histological results revealed many histpathological changes compared with the control group there are hyperatrophy of follicular epithelium , hemorrhage ,edema and damage in the epithelium lining of the follicles. Histochemical results revealed alterations in normal distribution of glycoprotein inside follicles of thyroid gland in hypothyrodic groups.