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Species identification and cow risks of non-aureus staphylococci from South African dairy herds Texto completo
2022
Inge-Marie Petzer | Christiaan Labuschagne | Lufuno Phophi | Joanne Karzis
Species identification and cow risks of non-aureus staphylococci from South African dairy herds Texto completo
2022
Inge-Marie Petzer | Christiaan Labuschagne | Lufuno Phophi | Joanne Karzis
Detailed information on specific species of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) has become a necessity for effective udder health control programs in South Africa. The main objective of this preliminary study was to identify the different NAS species and strains present in dairy herds in South Africa using a cost-effective method. A further objective was to investigate the effects of cow risk factors and farming systems on the NAS isolates identified. A total of 214 NAS, isolated from milk collected from 17 South African dairy herds, were identified using three diagnostic tests (API Staph test, MALDI-TOF and 16s rRNA). There was a good observed agreement between the MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing (92.2%) and a poor observed agreement between the MALDI-TOF and API Staph (25.7%). The genetic relatedness within species was investigated in 128 of these isolates using random polymorphic amplified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (RAPD), verified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylogenetic analysis and cow risk factors were investigated on species level. The main NAS species isolated were Staphylococcus chromogenes (75.2%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.4%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (8.9%). The RAPD test identified 34 Staphylococcus chromogenes, 13 Staphylococcus epidermidis and nine Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains, indicating genetic diversity amongst strains and herds. The presence of NAS intramammary infections was found to be significantly related to the farming systems, composite cow milk somatic cell count (SCC), parity and days in milk (DIM). Significantly more NAS were isolated from primiparous and from older cows. This knowledge could assist with the management of NAS on dairy farms.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Species identification and cow risks of non-aureus staphylococci from South African dairy herds Texto completo
2022
Petzer,Inge-Marie | Labuschagne,Christiaan | Phophi,Lufuno | Karzis,Joanne
Detailed information on specific species of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) has become a necessity for effective udder health control programs in South Africa. The main objective of this preliminary study was to identify the different NAS species and strains present in dairy herds in South Africa using a cost-effective method. A further objective was to investigate the effects of cow risk factors and farming systems on the NAS isolates identified. A total of 214 NAS, isolated from milk collected from 17 South African dairy herds, were identified using three diagnostic tests (API Staph test, MALDI-TOF and 16s rRNA). There was a good observed agreement between the MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA sequencing (92.2%) and a poor observed agreement between the MALDI-TOF and API Staph (25.7%). The genetic relatedness within species was investigated in 128 of these isolates using random polymorphic amplified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (RAPD), verified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylogenetic analysis and cow risk factors were investigated on species level. The main NAS species isolated were Staphylococcus chromogenes (75.2%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.4%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (8.9%). The RAPD test identified 34 Staphylococcus chromogenes, 13 Staphylococcus epidermidis and nine Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains, indicating genetic diversity amongst strains and herds. The presence of NAS intramammary infections was found to be significantly related to the farming systems, composite cow milk somatic cell count (SCC), parity and days in milk (DIM). Significantly more NAS were isolated from primiparous and from older cows. This knowledge could assist with the management of NAS on dairy farms.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Human and animal fasciolosis: coprological survey in Narok, Baringo and Kisumu counties, Kenya Texto completo
2022
Cornelius K. Kipyegen | Charles I. Muleke | Elick O. Otachi
Fasciolosis is caused by digenean trematodes of the genus Fasciola. The principal definitive hosts are cattle, sheep and goats. Humans are infected as accidental hosts. Fasciolosis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases and is considered an emerging zoonotic infection. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of human and domestic animal fasciolosis in selected counties in Kenya. Stool samples for Fasciola diagnosis were collected from humans and domestic animals and transported to the laboratory at Egerton University and processed using sedimentation technique and examined for the presence of eggs. A total of 272 human samples collected were all negative for Fasciola eggs. A total of 582 domestic animals (cattle (46.0%), sheep (29.9%) and goats (24.1%)) samples collected had overall prevalence of 30.9% for Fasciola infection. There was no significant differences (p0.05) between prevalence of fasciolosis and origin of the animals, sex and season. There was a significant difference (p0.05) between the prevalence of fasciolosis and domestic animals, age and body condition. The prevalence of fasciolosis was high in two irrigation schemes which favor the breeding of intermediate host snail and grazing of animals along the irrigation canals where metacercaria of Fasciola parasites could be present on the vegetation. Though human fasciolosis was not detected in this study, the presence of animal fasciolosis can pose public health risk because of its zoonotic nature. It is therefore, important to introduce measures which would assist reduce exposure of animals to Fasciola infection.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Restoring healthy gut microbiome in poultry using alternative feed additives with particular attention to phytogenic substances: Challenges and prospects Texto completo
2022
Awad Shehata | Youssef Attia | Asmaa Khafagy | Muhammad Farooq | Hesham El-Sweedi | Wolfgang Eisenreich | Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
The majority of pathologies in poultry are linked to intestinal chronic inflammation due to a disbalance of the gut microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota drives the gut integrity, and the gut's biological and metabolic functionalities, including efficacious use of nutrition, but also immunity, and neuroendocrine systems. However, many external factors are disturbing a stable, healthy gut microbiota. Heat stress, dysbiosis, leaky gut syndrome, and mycotoxins are the main "secret killers" in poultry that lead to chronic oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn impact the health and animal performance. Additionally, chronic stress in poultry is linked with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which the WHO has recently identified to be among the most important problems threatening human health globally that increased the demand for safe antimicrobials to treat the collateral damages resulting from dysbiosis. Several alternative feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics, fatty acids, and amino acids have been described to restore intestinal microbiota. Additionally, some phytogenic substances have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. These natural products are also capable to modulate gut microbiota in a symbiotic equilibrium, thereby enabling the intestinal tract to withstand both infectious and non-infectious stressors. Nevertheless, several challenges, such as the bioavailability, rate of absorption, quality inconsistency, public acceptance, and cost-effective delivery methods, make the feasibility and application of phytogenic substances on a commercial scale complicated. In this review, the main drivers of chronic inflammation in poultry have been discussed. Additionally, the potential use of alternatives to antibiotics to restore the gastrointestinal microbiota in poultry and the possibilities for overcoming breakdowns in poultry farming were highlighted.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Antifungal resistance and clinical significance in small animals Texto completo
2022
Yasemin Kaya | Banu Dokuzeylül | Utku Bakırel | Mehmet Or
Fungal diseases have risen in conjunction with the increasing number of immunosuppressive diseases in human and animal populations. Despite the introduction of new antifungal agents in recent years, the incidence of fungal infections continues to increase, and subsequently, the prevalence of resistance to these drugs is remarkably increased, posing significant health concerns. While antifungal drug resistance is of great importance in human medicine, especially against Candida spp., there are few studies about antifungal resistance in veterinary medicine. Indeed, several fungal infections include blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidiomycosis, cryptococcosis, dermatophytosis, histoplasmosis, and Malassezia spp. infections have been reported in dogs and cats. Several antifungal drugs such as polyenes, azoles, pyrimidines, echinocandins, and allylamines have been encountered in feline and canine medicine. However, the desired success could not be obtained from the treatments applied in various cases in recent years due to antifungal resistance. This review aimed to emphasize the main common fungal infections in dogs and cats and the role of developing resistance against antifungal agents on treatment failures. Additionally, we discussed the mode of action of antifungal drugs, mechanisms of resistance, and factors that contribute to the emergence of resistance. In this context, monitoring of antifungal resistance in veterinary clinics and animal facilities by veterinarians and other animal health authorities is recommended.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Isolation and molecular characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease virus serotype O circulated in Kenya during the period 2013-2018 Texto completo
2022
Eunice Chepkwony | George Gitao | Gerald Muchemi | Abraham Sangula
The endemicity of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Kenya has been recognized for over a century, with the first recorded cases dating back to 1915. Production of effective vaccines against incursions of infection in endemic areas is achieved by evaluating the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the circulating viruses. The present study aimed to isolate, serotype, and molecularly characterize FMDV from Kenya from 2013-2018. Isolation was done from 58 field samples on BHK-21 cells, and serotyping of the isolated viruses was carried out using antigen ELISA. Isolated viruses were also analyzed using reverse transcription PCR, and the PCR products were subjected to sequencing. Based on the quality of obtained sequence spectra, only 51 isolates were aligned using MEGA v11.0.8, employing the ClustalW algorithm. SeaView version 5.0.4 was used to edit the alignment, and MEGA 11.0.8 was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and align it with the commercially used vaccinal strains (OK77/78 and OK82/98). With a few exceptions, isolates collected over the same period and those from the same regions consistently clustered in the same lineage or closer to each other. A total of 50/51 strains belong to the East African-2 (EA-2) topotype together with the vaccine strain OK82/98. However, only one strain (1/51) isolated from Tana River county belongs to the EA-1 topotype together with the current vaccine strain (OK77/78). None of these isolates was found to belong to the EA-and EA-4 topotypes. This study emphasizes the importance of regular surveillance and characterization of circulating virus strains for developing effective vaccines against FMD. It's proposed that future vaccine candidate strains selection could consider EA-2 topotype strains to control FMDV circulating in Kenya.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Brucellosis remains a neglected disease in District Muzaffargarh of Pakistani Punjab: A call for multidisciplinary collaboration Texto completo
2022
Sami Ullah | Tariq Jamil | Muhammad Asif | Waqas Ahmad | Heinrich Neubauer
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic infection of Pakistani ruminants. Muzaffargarh is an historically and agriculturally important district of Pakistan and the data on brucellosis remains scarce in this district. To overcome this gap, a preliminary study was performed to estimate the occurrence of brucellosis. A total of 53 sera were screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) followed by a Brucella genus specific conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and gel visualization of the PCR products. Four (7.54%) samples were positive by RBPT and SAT and only 1 (1.88%) sample was positive by PCR. The results point towards a persistent zoonotic threat in cattle in the district and the potential spill over infection when close contact to other animal species. Pasteurization of milk and regular screening of animals is recommended to prevent transmission.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Oncolytic virotherapy and the current approaches in veterinary medicine Texto completo
2022
Bengu Bilgic | Banu Dokuzeylul | Mehmet Or
Cancer has an increasing incidence worldwide in humans and animals. In addition to traditional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, there is a search for new treatment strategies for cancer treatment. Oncolytic virotherapy arouses great interest in human medicine with the development of biotechnology and increasing knowledge about virus-cell interactions in recent years. Many in-vivo and in-vitro studies have led to the development of a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy. Based on the studies in human medicine, some clinical trials have also been carried out with oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine. But the studies in cats and dogs are very limited. This review aims to compare the development of oncolytic virotherapy in human and veterinary medicine with current studies and to draw attention to the fact that virotherapy can be used as a treatment option for various tumoral diseases in veterinary medicine in the future.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Evaluation of nematophagous fungal mycelial growth and interactions with bovine gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes Texto completo
2022
Isabela Oliveira | Ítalo Vieira | Samuel Freitas | Artur Campos | Adolfo Paz-Silva | Cristiana Monteiro | Pedro Gives | Jackson Araújo
Previous research has shown an increased action on helminth biological control by fungal combinations. This study characterized the temperature and pH conditions necessary for better mycelial growth of Monacrosporium sinense (SF53) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4). In addition, electron and optical microscopy showed the fungal structures that benefit from their use in the biological control of nematodes and interactions with infective larvae of helminths. Nematode larvae held by P. chlamydosporia mycelium confirm its ability to prey upon larvae stages, despite being classified in the "ovicidal" group. P. chlamydosporia showed the highest growth rate in water agar medium at 20°C, whereas M. sinense showed numerically better growth at 30°C. Fungi did not grow at 35 or 40°C. Surprisingly, the mycelial growth of both isolates was inhibited by temperatures above 35°C for 6 days and resumed when temperatures were reduced to 25°C. The pH observation was important to show that the pH variations in the gastrointestinal tract of bovines will not be harmful to fungi since offering oral formulations to the animals is the most practical way of dispersing fungi in the fecal pats. In-vitro studies facilitate the exploration of biological control agents. The use of nematophagous fungi is a viable solution in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes and needs to be further improved.
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Effect of aromatic oils on the expression of some virulence-associated and antimicrobial resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from broilers Texto completo
2022
Walid Hamdy Hassan (Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt) | Hala Sayed Hassan Salam (Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt) | Wafaa Mohamed Hassan (Microbiology-Reference Laboratory of Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Giza Governorate, Egypt) | Salama Abohamra Sayed Shany (Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt) | Ghada Sayed Ibrahim Osman (Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Beni-Suef Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Beni-Suef, Egypt.)
Effect of aromatic oils on the expression of some virulence-associated and antimicrobial resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from broilers Texto completo
2022
Walid Hamdy Hassan (Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt) | Hala Sayed Hassan Salam (Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt) | Wafaa Mohamed Hassan (Microbiology-Reference Laboratory of Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute AHRI, Giza Governorate, Egypt) | Salama Abohamra Sayed Shany (Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt) | Ghada Sayed Ibrahim Osman (Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Beni-Suef Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Beni-Suef, Egypt.)
Objectives: This study aimed to prove the effects of Escherichia coli isolates isolated from dis¬eased broilers to form biofilms, describe their antimicrobial sensetivity, and determine the effect of allicin and cinnamon essential oils on the expression of some genes (fimH, int1, and luxS) through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). Materials and Methods: 140 samples were obtained from diseased broilers in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. These samples were examined by conventional bacteriology methods to detect the causative agent. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was assessed using the disc diffusion method, The ability of yeast extract-casamino acids Congo Red Agar to generate phenotypic biofilms was next tested. The presence of resistance and virulence genes in some multidrug resistant isolates was genotypically investigated. The antibacterial effects of allicin and cinnamon oil were evaluated against the growth of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Finally, q-PCR was utilized to assess changes in some genes' expression. Results: Escherichia coli was isolated from 61 samples (43.6%). An antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that multidrug-resistance (MDR) (could resist more than three antimicrobial classes) E. coli prevalence was 100%. 40.8% of isolates phenotypically produce biofilms. The detection of resistance and virulence genes by PCR showed that all tested isolates carry aadB, fimH, int1, qnrS, and luxS genes, while only 40% harbor iss genes. q-PCR showed that after treatment with allicin and cinnamon oils, gene expression went down. Conclusion: This investigation highlights that E. coli showed resistance against most of the tested antimicrobials; all isolates were MDR. The study showed wide dissemination of virulence and resistance genes among E. coli. Allicin and cinnamon oils have antimicrobial activities and could be used as alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial agents. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 191-202]
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Effect of aromatic oils on the expression of some virulence-associated and antimicrobial resistance genes of Escherichia coli isolated from broilers Texto completo
2022
Walid Hamdy Hassan | Hala Sayed Hassan Salam | Wafaa Mohamed Hassan | Salama Abohamra Sayed Shany | Ghada Sayed Ibrahim Osman
Objectives: This study aimed to prove the effects of Escherichia coli isolates isolated from dis¬eased broilers to form biofilms, describe their antimicrobial sensetivity, and determine the effect of allicin and cinnamon essential oils on the expression of some genes (fimH, int1, and luxS) through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). Materials and Methods: 140 samples were obtained from diseased broilers in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. These samples were examined by conventional bacteriology methods to detect the causative agent. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was assessed using the disc diffusion method, The ability of yeast extract-casamino acids Congo Red Agar to generate phenotypic biofilms was next tested. The presence of resistance and virulence genes in some multidrug resistant isolates was genotypically investigated. The antibacterial effects of allicin and cinnamon oil were evaluated against the growth of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Finally, q-PCR was utilized to assess changes in some genes' expression. Results: Escherichia coli was isolated from 61 samples (43.6%). An antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that multidrug-resistance (MDR) (could resist more than three antimicrobial classes) E. coli prevalence was 100%. 40.8% of isolates phenotypically produce biofilms. The detection of resistance and virulence genes by PCR showed that all tested isolates carry aadB, fimH, int1, qnrS, and luxS genes, while only 40% harbor iss genes. q-PCR showed that after treatment with allicin and cinnamon oils, gene expression went down. Conclusion: This investigation highlights that E. coli showed resistance against most of the tested antimicrobials; all isolates were MDR. The study showed wide dissemination of virulence and resistance genes among E. coli. Allicin and cinnamon oils have antimicrobial activities and could be used as alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial agents. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 191-202]
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in southwestern Nigeria: Farmers' perception and level of awareness Texto completo
2022
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale (Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria) | Olufemi Samuel Amoo (Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Research, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research NIMR, Yaba, Nigeria) | Kayode Olayinka Afolabi (Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group (MEPHREG), Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Nigeria. & Anchor University Center for Global Health (AUCGH), Nigeria) | Abimbola Adetokunbo Oloye (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Federal University Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.)
Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in southwestern Nigeria: Farmers' perception and level of awareness Texto completo
2022
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale (Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria) | Olufemi Samuel Amoo (Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Research, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research NIMR, Yaba, Nigeria) | Kayode Olayinka Afolabi (Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Research Group (MEPHREG), Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Nigeria. & Anchor University Center for Global Health (AUCGH), Nigeria) | Abimbola Adetokunbo Oloye (Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Federal University Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.)
Objective: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the most important causative agents of swine diseases that pose a global economic threat. Presently, there is little or no information on the perception and awareness of PCV2 and its associated effects among pig farmers in Nigeria. Therefore, this research was carried out to describe pig farmers' views, awareness, and likely impact of PCV2 and its associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) on pig production in the southwestern region of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of pig farmers in Oyo and Ogun states, Southwest Nigeria, was carried out with the help of a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 111 farms out of the 385 required took part in the study, resulting in a total response rate of 28.8%. 89 (79.2%, 95% CI = 70.8–85.8) pig farmers who participated were unaware of PCV2, while 46 (41.4%, 95% CI = 32.7–50.7) had heard about PMWS. The level of awareness was generally poor, with an average score of 1.43 (SD ± 1.25; 23.9%). Only 23% (25/111) of the participants had a high level of awareness. To promote awareness about PCV2/PMWS, participants' most preferred sources of information were seminars, extension services (especially by veterinary and agricultural extension officers), social media (WhatsApp and YouTube), and mobile telephone (through calls or text messages). Conclusions: The present study showed a gap in the level of farmers' awareness about PCV2/ PMWS, and to bridge the gap, more scientific-based evidence is needed to promote targeted educational programs and policy formulations. Also, with the dearth of information about PCV2, it is necessary to determine its prevalence and the characteristics of the virus possibly circulating within the swine herds in Nigeria. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 203-210]
Mostrar más [+] Menos [-]Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in southwestern Nigeria: Farmers' perception and level of awareness Texto completo
2022
Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale | Olufemi Samuel Amoo | Kayode Olayinka Afolabi | Abimbola Adetokunbo Oloye
Objective: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the most important causative agents of swine diseases that pose a global economic threat. Presently, there is little or no information on the perception and awareness of PCV2 and its associated effects among pig farmers in Nigeria. Therefore, this research was carried out to describe pig farmers' views, awareness, and likely impact of PCV2 and its associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) on pig production in the southwestern region of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey of pig farmers in Oyo and Ogun states, Southwest Nigeria, was carried out with the help of a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 111 farms out of the 385 required took part in the study, resulting in a total response rate of 28.8%. 89 (79.2%, 95% CI = 70.8–85.8) pig farmers who participated were unaware of PCV2, while 46 (41.4%, 95% CI = 32.7–50.7) had heard about PMWS. The level of awareness was generally poor, with an average score of 1.43 (SD ± 1.25; 23.9%). Only 23% (25/111) of the participants had a high level of awareness. To promote awareness about PCV2/PMWS, participants' most preferred sources of information were seminars, extension services (especially by veterinary and agricultural extension officers), social media (WhatsApp and YouTube), and mobile telephone (through calls or text messages). Conclusions: The present study showed a gap in the level of farmers' awareness about PCV2/ PMWS, and to bridge the gap, more scientific-based evidence is needed to promote targeted educational programs and policy formulations. Also, with the dearth of information about PCV2, it is necessary to determine its prevalence and the characteristics of the virus possibly circulating within the swine herds in Nigeria. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 203-210]
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