Several types of odours are involved in the location of host animals by tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae), a vector of animal African trypanosomiasis. Host animals’ ageing urine has been shown to be the source of a phenolic blend attractive to the tsetse. Nevertheless, limited research has been performed on the microbial communities’ role in the production of phenols. This study aimed at profiling bacterial communities mediating the production of tsetse attractive phenols in mammalian urine. Urine samples were collected from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), cattle (Bos taurus) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) at Kongoni Game Valley Ranch and Kenyatta University in Kenya. Urine samples, of each animal species, were pooled and left open to age in ambient conditions. Bacteriological and phenols analyses were then carried out, at 4 days ageing intervals, for 24 days. Phenols analysis revealed nine volatile phenols: 4-cresol, ortho-cresol, 3-cresol, phenol, 3-ethylphenol, 3-propylphenol, 2-methyloxyphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 4-propylphenol. Eight out of 19 bacterial isolates from the ageing urine revealed the potential to mediate production of phenols. 16S rRNA gene characterisation of the isolates closely resembled Enterococcus faecalis KUB3006, Psychrobacter alimentarius PAMC 27887, Streptococcus agalactiae 2603V, Morganella morganii sub.sp. morganii KT, Micrococcus luteus NCTC2665, Planococcus massiliensis strain ES2, Ochrobactrum pituitosum AA2 and Enterococcus faecalis OGIRF. This study established that some of the phenols emitted from mammalian urine, which influence the tsetse‘s host-seeking behaviour, are well characterised by certain bacteria. These results may allow the development of biotechnological models in vector control that combines the use of these bacteria in the controlled release of semiochemicals.

The research was conducted in Sumber Harapan Village, Tinggi Raja District, Asahan Regency, North Sumatra Province, in 2016, using field survey methods, questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data was obtained from the local Livestock Service Office, primary data sourced from respondents by purposive random sampling, as many as 15 of goat farmer in scale of 3-5 heads / farmers and 10 cocoa farmers. Each farmer has a land area of around 1000 m2 and has 100 cocoa trees, producing around 5.7 to 6.5 kg/tree/ week. Data were analyzed descriptively, quantitatively and economic feasibility analysis of B/C ratio. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic feasibility of goat and cocoa farming businesses. The results showed that, almost all of the land belonged by farmers. The farmer business continue to run well, the worker of the goats business and cocoa is quite different. For the goats business as much as 160.56 days/year and for cocoa businesses 262.28 days/year. The profit of goat as much 5.392.060 IDR/year B/C 1.8. The capital of expenditure was 1.714.200 IDR/year. So that the profits obtained 3.677.860 IDR/year. The advantage of cocoa farmers is 67.507.200 IDR/ year B/C 2.7, The capital of expenditure of 7.2142.00 IDR/year. So that the cocoa profits obtained of 60.293.000 IDR/year. It is concluded that the goat and cacao business can be profitable for farmers. Then the business as financially economically feasible to develop further.

Infection that occurs in Indonesia has increased more significantly than before, compared to the increasing bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) as the cause of infection. A study conducted in 5 hospitals in Indonesia in 2013 showed that the prevalence rate of extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria reached 32-68%. The objective of this study is to detect the prevalence and resistence pattern of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh. This study was conducted from 1 September 2016 to 31 December 2016. Specimen types included in this study were blood, sputum, urine, pus, mucosal swab, and another body fluids sample. The sampling method in this study was total sampling that is all clinical specimen examined in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Isolation and identification ESBL-producing bacteria was performed by VITEK-2 machine (Biomerieux). The result of this study is that a total 122 E. coli and K. pneumoniae were isolated. That consisted of 48 (39%) E. coli isolates and 74 (61%) K. pneumoniae isolates. From 48 E. coli isolates it was found out that 41 (85%) had ESBL phenotypes and from 74 K. pneumoniae isolates it was found out that 59 (80%) had ESBL phenotypes. In total, 100 (82%) isolates from 122 isolates had ESBL phenotypes. Distribution of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae based on sample was 24 (89%) isolates from the total of 27 urine isolates, 18 (95%) isolates from the total of 19 blood isolates, 28 (78%) isolates from the total of 36 sputum isolates, and 30 (75%) isolates from the total of 40 pus isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates had high sensitivity to amycasin dan meropenem which was above 89%. Meanwhile, it also had sensitivity to Fosfomycin and Piperacyclin-Tazobactam by 80% and 77% respectively. Another antibiotic was less effective

The success breeding business of PE goat is closely related to reproductive performance and mortality rates between maternal and calve so that a case study is needed on the reproductive performance of PE Doe. The study was conducted in Taruna Sejahtera Group in Simalungun District, North Sumatera. Twenty nine of PE Does was used. Method was case study. Data was taken from recording list and interview then anlyzed descriptively. The results showed that reproduction characteristics of PE Doe: puberty age 10 month, first mating age 14 month, litter sizes 2 heads, weaning age 2 month, days open 90 days (3 month), post partum mating 4-7 month, calving interval 10 month, milk production averaged 1,2 liter/head/day and parity 4-5 times/head.

OBJECTIVE To compare IV doses of alfaxalone and ketamine needed to facilitate orotracheal intubation and assess effects of each treatment on selected physiologic variables in goats undergoing orthopedic surgery with isoflurane anesthesia. ANIMALS 18 healthy adult goats. PROCEDURES Behavior was assessed before and after sedation with midazolam (0.1 mg/kg, IV) for IV catheter placement. Anesthesia was induced with additional midazolam (0.1 mg/kg, IV) and alfaxalone (n = 9) or ketamine (9) at 2 mg/kg, IV, over 30 seconds. An additional dose of alfaxalone or ketamine (1 mg/kg) was given IV if needed for intubation; anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and IV fluids with ketamine (0.5 to 1 mg/kg/h). Direct systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressures; heart rate; and respiratory rate were recorded before induction, immediately after intubation, and during surgery. Qualitative anesthetic induction and recovery characteristics were assessed. Variables were compared within and between groups by statistical methods. RESULTS No preinduction variables differed significantly between groups. Postintubation and 30-minute intraoperative SAP, DAP, and MAP were higher for the ketamine group than for the alfaxalone group; within the alfaxalone group, postintubation SAP, MAP, and respiratory rate prior to mechanical ventilation were lower than respective preinduction values. All alfaxalone-group goats were intubated after 1 dose of the induction agent; 5 of 9 ketamine-group goats required an additional (1-mg/kg) dose. Postoperative recovery was good to excellent for all animals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both drugs were suitable for induction of anesthesia after sedation with midazolam, but most goats required higher doses of ketamine to allow intubation. For situations in which alfaxalone administration is appropriate, the potential for decreased arterial blood pressures and respiratory rate should be considered.

The oil of Juniperus communis (JC) which is among medicinal plants, has many pharmacological activities. In this study, the effects of JC oil on serum paraoxonase (PON1), pancreatic enzymes levels and lipid levels in experimental diabetic rats were investigated.Thirty-two male Wistar-Albino rats (250-300g) were used. The rats were dividedequally into four groups, control (C), diabetes (D), JC oil (J), and diabetes + JC oil (DJ). D and DJ groups wereintraperitoneally (IP) injected with 45 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). JC oil was administered as 200 mg/kg/21days by oral gavage in J and DJ groups.Total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly decreased in the J and DJgroups when compared to C and D groups (p≤0.001). There was no difference in TG levels between D andcontrol group (p≥0.05). Lipoprotein levels were not statistically significant between any group (p≥0.05).Comparing to the control group in the diabetes and DJ groups; significant decreased amylase levels andincreased lipase levels (p≤0.001) was observed. Paraoxonase activity in D group was statistically lower thanin the other groups (p≤0.05). There is no significant difference between the C group and the Jgroup (p>0.05).PON1 level has a significant elevation in the DJ in comparison with the D group (p≤0.05). As a result, JC oil caused an increase in antioxidant PON1 enzyme level and a decrease in lipidlevels in diabetes. The data obtained are supportive that JC oil may be a potential protective effect againstdiabetes-associated complications.

This study was carried out on 124 dogs between February 2018 and November 2018 to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in stray dogs in Van. Collected stool samples, after macroscopic examination, were examined by native, flotation and sedimentation methods in terms of eggs and larvae. According to the results of the study, 43 (34.68%) of 124 dogs were detected as infected with various types of helminths. The most common species were respectively Toxascaris leonina (16.13%), Toxocara canis (12.90%), Ancylostoma caninum (5.64%), Taenia spp. (4.84%), Dipylidium caninum (3.22%), Uncinaria stenocephala (3.22%), Capillaria spp. (3.22%), Fasciola hepatica (2.70%) and Dicrocoelium dentriticum (1.35%) 35.14% of the female dogs were infected with parasites, while this rate was 34% for males. Statistically, infection status in males and females does not differ significantly by gender (Chi-Square: 0,17 p >0.05). When the distribution by age is examined, it is 0.5-2 years with the highest rate of 45.3%, 2-6 years with 27.7% and 5-9 years with 25%. According to age, infection status does not show a statistically significant difference (Chi-Square: 4.64, p> 0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the subsi substantial presence of zoonotic helminths in straydogs in the province of Van poses a threat to human health and protective measures should be taken againstit.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram negative, positive oxidase, anaerobic, and opportunistic bacteria that, under certain conditions, become a pathogen (in humans and fish). This bacterium causes toxin and host infection in which different antibiotic resistance in isolated strains has been reported in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of this bacterium and its susceptibility to common antibiotics in Tabriz city.50 samples from 5 Reared Oncorhynchus mykiss farms in Tabriz city (For each farm,10 numbers) were randomly assigned to suspected fish to the disease. By using biochemical tests, 14 samples (28%) from 2 Fish farms (40%) were identified as A.hydrophila. Antibiogram for these specimens showed that the bacterium had the highest resistance tovancomycin (100 %) and clindamycin (92.8%) antibiotics, and has the most sensitivity to the antibiotics ofsultrim, tetracycline and oxytetracycline with 71.4%.Considering the different antibiotic resistance pattern in this study and other similar studies,the necessity of examining the pattern of resistance in each region seems necessary.

The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella and their antibiotic resistance pattern against two commonly used antibiotics: ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in marketed live chickens in a live birds market. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on live Sonali chickens (crossbred of Fayoumi female and Rhode Island Red male). Cloacal swabs were collected from 50 randomly selected live birds from 5 retail sellers (10 samples/seller) at Jhawtola live birds’ market, Chattogram, Bangladesh. Culture and biochemical tests were used to identify Salmonella. Positives samples for Salmonella were further tested for antibiogram by disc diffusion method.Salmonella was identified from 28 (56%) of samples by culture and biochemical test. Among the positive isolates, 27 (96.42%) samples exhibited resistant to ceftriaxone, and 20 (71.42%) samples were to ciprofloxacin.The result of this study indicates there is a high prevalence of Salmonella in marketed local chicken and are resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin which has economic importance as well as a public health concern. Awareness should be increased to prevent random use of antibiotics and provision of strict biosecurity measures.

Objective: In this study, LMS, zinc and vitamin AD3E were used with enterotoxaemia vaccine in sheep, in order to investigate their immunostimulant activities and also to make a comparison among them regarding their immunostimulatory properties. Material and Methods: In the research 40 sheep were divided into 4 groups, each group consisted of 10 sheep. Group I only vaccinated against enterotoxaemia. In groups II, III and IV besides enterotoxaemia vaccine, LMS, zinc and vitamin AD3E were used, respectively. Blood samples were taken on days 0 and 35 of the experiment. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) were determined using ELISA kits specific to sheep immunoglobulins. Hematological parameters and serum zinc levels were also determined.Results: Levamisole-treated group showed a significant increase in serum level of IgM, and zinc-treated group demonstrated a significant increase in serum IgG level (P<0.05). In day 35, serum IgM level was the highest in LMS group (group II) based on its levels in groups III and IV (P<0.05) and also IgG level was highest in group II when compared to its levels in groups III and IV (P<0.01). In group II, statistically significant decrease in total WBC and lymphocyte counts and statistically significant increase in thrombocyte counts were determined on day 35 (P<0.05). In group III, statistically significant decrease in total WBC, neutrophil counts and hematocrit values were detected (P<0.05), although, these changes were within physiologically normal limits.Conclusion: In conclusion, LMS stimulated the increase in IgM levels and zinc stimulated the increase in IgG levels without inducing adverse effect and the increase in antibody production resulted in the enhancement of humoral immune response to enterotoxamia vaccine. The use of LMS and zinc as immunostimulant together with vaccination is recommended.