The current study was performed to investigate the ability of propolis as natural preservative of buffalo milk against contamination by Escherichia coli. Here, 100 milk samples were collected from buffalo and transported in icebox to a laboratory. These samples were subjected to bacterial cultivation and diagnostic tests, to recover E. coli from the milk samples and to test its antibiotic susceptibility profile. Each isolate was subjected to virulence gene- and 16S rRNA gene-based PCRs and sequencing. The propolis, collected from honey bee colonies, was exposed to an extraction process and GC mass analysis. For the preservation experiment, finely-ground propolis was prepared with different concentrations (10mg,20mg, and 40mg). Each concentration was added to 1 ml of milk with a control 1ml of milk with no propolis. After that, all milk groups were placed in 5±1 °C for 10 days. Later, bacterial count was done at zero-time, 3 days, 7 days, and 10 days to identify the bacterial contamination. E. coli was detected in the milk samples before adding propolis as confirmed by the PCR. The bacterium demonstrated high sensitivity to gentamycin (18.66±0.88mm) and amikacin (15.66±0.33mm) with very low sensitivity that reached 0 mm in amoxicillin and tetracycline. The finding of the bacterial counts revealed significant (p<0.05) protection against bacterial growth, especially at high concentrations. The sequencing revealed distinct but close similarity with world isolates of E. coli. The gene expression of the virulence genes was seen significantly (p<0.05) affected by propolis. The study demonstrates that the propolis protects against bacterial growth.

This project was conducted in Health and Medical Technical College's laboratories of Al-Forat Al-Awsat Technical University in 2021. The study was dealt 370 oocytes collected from 19 three years old cows by using dissecting process. The gathered oocytes were transferred hastily to a test tubes contains m-PBS prelude for incubation by modified in vitro technique 2000, which supplemented with 5% Co2 gas state for 26 hour at 37oc. The gained consequences led to 20% maturation occurred for the second metaphase after applying m-PBS and staining with orcein stain. Statistics supports our hypothesis. The outcomes for this study is that incubation of B. indicus oocytes in vitro by modified technique 2000 with using m-PBS culture media will established a success and promising in maturation rates. This project was conducted in Health and Medical Technical College's laboratories of Al-Forat Al-Awsat Technical University in 2021. The study was dealt 370 oocytes collected from 19 three years old cows by using dissecting process. The gathered oocytes were transferred hastily to a test tubes contains m-PBS prelude for incubation by modified in vitro technique 2000, which supplemented with 5% Co2 gas state for 26 hour at 37oc. The gained consequences led to 20% maturation occurred for the second metaphase after applying m-PBS and staining with orcein stain. Statistics supports our hypothesis. The outcomes for this study is that incubation of B. indicus oocytes in vitro by modified technique 2000 with using m-PBS culture media will established a success and promising in maturation rates.

Aeromonas species are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, oxidase-positive bacteria they are divided into the non-motile psychrophilic aeromonads and the motile mesophilic aeromonads. Due to the possibility that phenotypic identification techniques may not correctly identify some of the species, the taxonomy of this genus is complicated. Most Aeromonas strains are fish infections that cause hemorrhagic septicemia, which frequently increases mortality and causes large financial losses in aquaculture. Often linked to fish disease and mortality are A. caviae, A. hydrophila, A. sobria, A. salmonicida, and A. veronii. These bacteria are commonly found in freshwater, soil and agricultural produce. The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of these bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in fish, other aquatic animals, and humans. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products which has been recognized as an important pathogenic species in aquaculture that causes motile Aeromonas septicemia, red spot diseases, infectious dropsy and Furunculosis. Although vaccination is the ideal strategy to avoid infectious diseases. Gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated since aeromonads were first linked to human disease. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that these bacteria produce a great health problem in the future. This review's objectives are to ascertain how Aeromonas affects aquaculture and human health as well as how to prevent it.

Objective, The purpose of this experiment is to study the circadian rhythm of common liver function tests. Materials and Methods, Ten adult sheep (male and female) were divided into two groups, T1 (male) and T2 (fe-male), and placed in two separate rooms. Serum was isolated from T1 and T2 blood samples taken at 7, 12 A.M. and 12 P.M hours, respectively.Results, Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels in both groups increased significantly during daylight hours (12:00). The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed a different value in a male that increased significantly at 12 A.M. but in a fe-male that was elevated at 7 A.M. as compared with other times. Serum urea concentra-tion during the night hours was expressed at a high level in both males and females as compared to the concentration during the day hours. In addition, the results show differences in variation between males and females. There is a significant increase in ALT, urea and creatinine in females (T2) as compared with males (T1) during the day and night hours. Furthermore, at 12 A.M. and 12 P.M., males had significantly higher AST levels than females Conclusion, liver functions cause variations between day and night hours as well as between males and females because of metabolism and activities. Comprehensive study is required to reduce and overlap this stress.

Serratia marcescens is known for its high production of prodigiosin, a pigment that serves as a virulence factor and possesses beneficial biological, antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial characteristics. Another virulence factor of Serratia marcescens is the ability to produce biofilms, which are aggregations of microorganisms adhering to surfaces surrounded by self-produced matrix. These biofilms pose many health risks in the milk production and processing industry, such as milk spoilage, poor-quality milk products, and other health risks. Our study revealed that, after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, colonies on Chrome agar appeared pink with a dark center while on nutrient agar colonies appeared red at 28°C due to Serratia marcescens' ability to produce pigment. the ability of these local isolates to produce pigment was evaluated using NB Medium with different incubation time A total of 11 isolates from milk samples showed the ability to produce a high concentration of prodigiosin when incubated for 72 hours. All isolates were found to produce biofilm at different rates. In isolate (6), we observed the highest production of biofilm.

Clinicopathological changes associated with blood protozoa in cows have been well-examined. However, these changes can be influenced over time due to the development of the animal immune system status and environmental changes. The current study aimed to assess clinical and pathological changes associated with blood protozoa infection in naturally infected cattle. A total of 80 cows were examined for evidence of babesiosis and trypanosomiasis using Giemsa-stained blood smears. Hematological parameter, clotting factor, and urinalysis were also estimated. Babesiosis and trypanosomasis were identified in 16% and 33% of the examined stained blood smears, respectively. The study revealed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in values of hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocytes count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and total platelet count in both infected groups with babesiosis and Trypanosomiasis . In contrast, a significant increase was recorded in total leukocytes count, clotting time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen time, and activated partial thromboplastin time, as well as platelet volume and platelet distribution width in the infected cattle compared with non-infected cattle. Urinalysis showed appearance of urobilinogen, bilirubin, protein and glucose in the urine of some infected animals, while nitrate and ketones were not detected in all study animals. We concluded that hemoprtozoa revealed an obvious effect clotting system which might reflected disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) abnormalities and changes in urine components Therefore, clinicopathological changes associated with babesiosis and trypanosomiasis should be evaluated periodically to evaluated animal health status.

The study was conducted to examine 876 sheep of different ages and of both sexes in Basrah province, Iraq during September 2023 to March 2024. 180 animals with clinical signs of pneumonia and acute vital signs were included. Results showed that 160 (88.88%) samples out of 180 were sero-positive for indirect ELISA, However, the age group less than 6 months exhibited highly infection rate compared with sheep more than one year old. Moreover, all infected animals showed acute clinical manifestations including partial or complete loss of appetite, rapid and difficult breathing with abnormal lung sounds, where pleural frictional sound is the common type, nasal discharge, Pleurodynia, reproductive cough as well as a signs of anemia. Results of macroscopic appearance of carcasses show congested, lungs consolidation, hemorrhagic area and spots as well as hepatization. whereas, Histopathological results indicate, thickening of alveolar wall with hemorrhage in interlobular tissue and congested blood vessel. Moreover, hyperplasia with excessive inflammatory cells in alveolar lumen as well as bronchioles with necrotic area was also indicated beside interstitial pneumonia with exudate in bronchial lumen and hyperplasia in epithelium cells of bronchial tissues. It has been concluded that Mycoplasma ovipneumonia infection affected sheep hardly reflecting high morbidity and mortality rate and economic loses, therefor a fit control measure programmed should be planed.

Staphylococcus aureus utilizes two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) for sensing and responding to stressors such as antimicrobials. Variations in the sequence of TCSs involved in antimicrobial resistance, such as WalRK, VraSR, LytSR, GraSR, NsaRS, HptSR, and AirRS, may influence the resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical isolates from Basra Governorate in southern Iraq, which includes cows, sheep, dogs, cats, and humans. The total number of variants was 19,176, 19,924, 20,168, 20,499, and 42,248 for MHC, MHB, MHH, MHF, and MHO, respectively. Compared to the other isolates, the MHO isolate from a sheep clinical case exhibited the highest number of variants. The synonymous and missense mutations were the highest in the MHO strain compared to other isolates. The MHH human strain showed resistance to seven antibiotics compared to other isolates of animal origin, Which showed resistance to antibiotics for two types of antibiotics according to the results of what we did to test the antibiotic sensitivity using the Vitek device, in addition to the analysis of the genome sequence of the genes of the two-component system, which revealed differences between the local isolates, which affected their antibiotic resistance profile

Endocrine disorders are prevalent issues in dogs and cats, including a substantial proportion of chronic illnesses in pet animal patients. Canines and felines with endocrinopathies are susceptible to many severe consequences that can impact their overall well-being. Many endocrinopathies, include diabetes mellitus, Cushing disease, Addison disease, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism, have many complications. Gaining a better understanding of these illnesses which can facilitate early detection of the disease condition, as well as enable the implementation of fast steps, slow their progression, or provide suitable treatment. Providing a detailed account of commonly occurring endocrinopathies enables healthcare professionals in educational settings to be better equipped, as there is a shortage of clinical veterinarians specializing in this field. Further studies are necessary to gain a deeper understanding of these conditions in dogs and cats. The present article provides an overview of endocrine illnesses in companion animals commonly encountered in pet animal practice. Moreover, it focuses on the current diagnostic criteria and suggest the treatment options for these conditions.