Objective: The effect of feeding yeast-fermented feed in various forms on broiler growth performance and bone mineralization was studied. Materials and Methods: Initially, a corn-soy-based diet was formulated and fermented in anaerobic conditions at 28°C in laboratory space for 48 h with yeast (2.0%) and moisture (50%). Afterward, the 150 newly hatched Arbeor Acres commercial broiler chicks were divided into 5 dietary groups (30 chicks, 6 cages, and 5 birds per cage). Each group received one of the following formulated and fermented diets: dry feed (DF), moist feed (MF), yeast-added dry feed (Y-DF), yeast-added moist feed (Y-MF), or yeast-fermented moist feed (YF-MF). Water and feed were supplied ad libitum. Six birds per group were slaughtered at age 37 for the determination of carcass traits and tibia ash. Results: Fermentation improved crude protein from 20.7% to 22.8% but declined crude fiber from 7.9% to 6.3% in the YF-MF group compared to the DF group. High body weight gain was recorded in 771, 830, and 992 gm in the MF, Y-MF, and YF-MF groups, respectively, compared to the DF (762 gm) group (p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio was better in the Y-MF (1.57) and YF-MF (1.57) groups than in the DF (1.75) group. Feeding a fermented, moist diet resulted in improved carcass yield (69%) in the YF-MF group. Bone mineralization expressed a better tibia ash percentage (35% from 30%) in the YF-MF group compared to the DF group. Conclusion: Therefore, YF-MF enhanced the quality of feed and improved growth, carcass weight, and bone mineralization in broiler. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 78-84]

Objective: To isolate and characterize cellulolytic rumen bacteria from the rumen of Sahiwal cattle using rumen bacterial inoculum to increase the nutritional value of rice bran used as broiler feed. Materials and Methods: The ruminal liquid was kept at an optimal pH of 6.9 and a redox potential of less than −300 mV while being incubated anaerobically at 39°C in a medium containing rumen fluid glucose cellobiose agar. By using the Hungate technique, the organisms were detected based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular testing. Results: The findings revealed that the isolated Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavifaciens were obligate anaerobic, generally Gram-positive, nonmotile cocci or rod, single or pair, occasionally short chain, producing yellow pigment when grown on cellulose, and having a clear zone around the colonies. Both isolate fermented sugars such as cellobiose, glucose, and lactose, as well as decomposed xylan. The results also showed that the isolates recognized as Ruminococcus spp., a cellulolytic rumen bacterium, were catalase-negative, indole-negative, and gelatin liquefaction-positive. Conclusion: Isolation and characterization of Ruminococcus spp. may be helpful for Bangladesh in reducing the cost of producing poultry feed and circumventing restrictions on rice bran use. We can also develop more efficient and long-lasting plans to enhance poultry performance and feed efficiency, as well as increase the nutritional value of rice bran used as broiler feed, by understanding how various Ruminococcus spp. function in this process. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 1-8]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, abundance, and identification of genera of gastrointestinal parasites in buffaloes belonging to an establishment in Villa Oliva, Ñeembucu Department, Paraguay. Materials and Methods: A total of 117 buffaloes were included in the study and divided into three groups of 39 (n = 39) animals—Group 1: = [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 961-966]

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary piperine (PIP) supplementation on feed efficiency, growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, hemolymph biochemistry, antioxidant and immune responses, and disease resistance in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) chal¬lenged with Vibrio parahemolyticus. Materials and Methods: A total of 320 shrimps (4.38 gm ± 0.2 gm) were randomly distributed into four treatments and fed a basal diet or supplemented with 0, 0.5 (PIP0.5), 1 (PIP1.0), and 2 (PIP2) gm/kg of diet. Results: The dietary inclusion of PIP significantly improved growth performance, blood proteins, and efficiency, resulting in the best results in the PIP2 group. Diets containing PIP led to significant improvements in crude protein and lipid content while also significantly reducing moisture con¬tent in a quadratic-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Shrimp in the PIP1 and PIP2 groups exhibited higher total protein and albumin levels compared to the free-PIP and PIP0.5 groups (p < 0.05). Shrimp-fed PIP-enriched diets showed lower lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein) and liver enzymes (gam¬ma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase) in a quadratic trend (p < 0.05) compared to the control diet. Shrimp-fed diets containing PIPs exhibited a significant quadratic increase in digestive enzyme activity compared to those without PIPs (p < 0.05). The inclusion of PIP in the diet significantly enhanced antioxidant enzymes and reduced malondialdehyde levels, as well as the inflammatory response (Interleukin 4, Interferon-gamma, and LYZ) in shrimp. Conclusion: These findings suggest that dietary PIP supplementation holds promise as a feed additive for enhancing growth, immunity, and disease resistance in whiteleg shrimp. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 996-1006]

Objective: The aim of the current work is studying the effect of antioxidants and nano-antioxidants on in vitro development and mitochondrial function of buffalo oocytes. Materials and Methods: Good and excellent Buffalo oocytes were in vitro matured: (1) tissue culture medium-199 (control group), (2) TCM-199 + melatonin (Mel) 10−9 M (Mel group), (3) TCM-199 + zinc 10−6 M (Zn group), (4) TCM-199 + nano- Mel 10−6 M (N-Mel group), and (5) TCM-199 + nano-zinc-oxide 10−6 M (N-ZnO group) and incubated with CO2 5% and 38.5°C for 22 hr. In vitro-matured oocytes were either stained for mitochondrial function or cultured for detection of embryo development. Results: The maturation rate of buffalo oocytes in the N-Mel and N-ZnO groups had a significant (p < 0.05) increase (91.89% and 93.64%, respectively) compared to the Mel group (85.78%) and Zn group (81.37%), and all groups were significantly higher than the control (73.16%). Mitochondrial intensity was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the N-Mel and N-ZnO groups than in oocytes matured in the Mel, Zn, or control groups. Rates of fertilization, cleavage, and transferable embryos of buffalo oocytes matured in vitro were significantly raised in the N-ZnO group (88.35%, 85.93%, and 30.71%, respectively) and the N-Mel group (86.74%, 82.75%, and 28.32%, respectively) (p < 0.05) when compared with the Mel group (82.46%, 77.25%, and 21.29%, respectively) and the Zn group (79.98%, 75.19%, and 19.68%, respectively), and all were increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the control group (71.76%, 68.7%, and 11.98%, respectively). Conclusion: Supplementation of maturation medium with Mel 10−9 M and zinc sulfate 10−6 M and nano-Mel 10−6 M and nano-zinc oxide 10−6 M improves buffalo oocyte maturation rates, mitochondrial function, and embryo development. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 1093-1104]

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most common opportunistic patho¬gens frequently associated with respiratory tract infection (RTI) in different animals. This cross-sec¬tional study aimed to identify the occurrence of S. aureus and E. coli in goats with RTI, analyze the antimicrobial resistance patterns, and explore potential risk factors contributing to RTI. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 nasal swab samples were collected from goats, and stan¬dard classical bacteriological methods were performed to isolate and identify S. aureus and E. coli. Subsequently, the disc diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity test. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors associated with RTI. Results: About 13.3% (N = 16; N = 120) isolates were confirmed as S. aureus, and 6.67% (N = 8; N = 120) isolates were confirmed as E. coli. All S. aureus isolates were resistant to ampicillin, and all E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin. Among the isolated organisms, 43.7% (N = 7; N = 16) S. aureus and 62.5% (N = 5; N = 8) E. coli isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant (resistant to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that female goats [(odds ratio) OR: 4.2; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.8–20.8; p = 0.074] and goats in poor health condition (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 0.7–19.3; p = 0.100) were more prone to RTI caused by S. aureus. Besides, goats that were not dewormed (OR: 4.8; 95% CI: 1–23.6; p = 0.051) and those reared in semi-intensive conditions (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 0.8–8.7; p = 0.092) were found to be at higher risk of S. aureus-mediated RTI. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of implementing improved farm management practices and efficient antimicrobial resistance control approaches to minimize respiratory infections and reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance in goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 1037-1050]

This review evaluates the current situation of pig farming, identifies challenges, and projects for the sustainable development of the Chinese pig industry. A literature review using keyword searches was conducted on Google Scholar for articles from 2017–2023. The review included studies focused on pig farming in China, covering prospects, challenges, quantitative data on pro-duction, marketing, and consumption, automation in livestock farming, and publications from peer-reviewed journals, credible websites, government reports, and conference proceedings. Pork consumption in China is increasing, and the country imports a sizable amount of pork annually. Even though small-scale farms still account for most operations, the pig industry is undergoing a critical stage of modernization and transition towards large-scale farming. The major challenges identified were feed, disease, antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, and pork prices. Smart technologies, such as cameras, Internet of Things, and sensors, integrated into precision pig farming can improve productivity and animal health through real-time data collection and decision-making. To solve the problems we face now, we need to put a lot of money into large-scale transformation, the creation of new animal precision tools, the automation of manure treatment, and the research and development of long-lasting alternative energy sources like photovoltaics and wind. By implementing these strategies, large-scale precision pig farming in China can become economically and environmentally sustainable, which can ultimately benefit consumers by supplying wholesome pork products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 1076-1092]

Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) affects humans and animals regardless of species type, causing huge economic losses and deaths worldwide. However, the mechanisms and risk factors of zoonotic transmission are not well known in Pakistan. The current study aimed to identify the potential risk factors associated with TB in farmers and their animals, particularly exposure to infected animals in Lahore District, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of two components utilizing the concept of One Health. In the first component, a retrospective case-control study of human subjects (cases = 25, control = 25) was conducted from December 2021 to July 2022. In the second component, a cross-sectional analysis of the cattle owned by selected participants (TB cases and healthy controls) was completed in the Lahore district. A single intradermal tuberculin skin test was used to determine TB infection in cattle. Results: A total of 25 TB cases and 25 healthy controls were enrolled. Males in cases were found (OR = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.0002–0.29, p = 0.014) less likely to get TB, cases older than 35 years (OR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.05–1.24, p = 0.004), unmarried cases (OR = 32.20, 95% CI: 2.92–819.03, p = 0.014), being a smoker (OR = 21.87, 95% CI: 2.80–395.82, p = 0.011), and keeping animals inside the home (OR = 9.92, 95% CI: 1.29–134.61, p = 0.047) were identified as significant predictors of TB in humans in the final multivariable logistic regression. Out of 175 tested animals, 3/65 animals belonging to the cases and 1/110 animals belonging to the controls were found positive. The animals belonging to the TB cases were (OR = 7.76, 95% CI; 0.79–76.02) more likely to have a positive Single Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test. The prevalence of bTB in animals belonging to the cases was 4.6% (95% CI, 1.26–12.58) compared to 0.9% (95% CI, 0.04–4.67) in animals of the control group. Conclusion: This study identified potential risk factors that could contribute to the complex wave of TB transmission between humans and animals. Our findings could provide data to inform policy-making and intervention strategies to reduce TB's burden in both populations. Embracing a holistic One Health perspective is imperative to effectively combat this shared health threat. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 967-978]

Objective: Pigs are used in various biomedical research fields because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. While farm pigs are raised outdoors for several months, minipigs are typically raised in indoor barrier facilities for several years. Although numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of major pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), in farm pigs, similar studies targeting minipigs are lacking. Materials and Methods: We imported 57 minipigs to our institution from three experimental animal production facilities and immediately assessed the serological and antigenic prevalence of PRRSV and PCV2. Results: PRRSV and PCV2 had seroprevalences of 80.7% and 94.7%, respectively, with 0% antigen positivity rates for PRRSV types 1 and 2 and high-pathogenic PRRSV and PCV2. Two factors could account for the high seroprevalence rates: the majority of individuals may have been vaccinated despite official claims from the origin facilities or exposed to PRRSV and PCV2. Preventing microbial infections is crucial for obtaining accurate and reproducible results. Conclusion: As the first investigation of microbial prevalence in minipigs, our findings indicate that minipigs raised in barrier facilities are not necessarily free from vaccines or infections. These results will significantly enhance the credibility of future biomedical research. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 1017-1022]

Objective: Fertilization rate of artificially inseminated cows using sexed and conventional semen in different seasons in South Papua. Materials and Methods: Eighty crossbred cows aged 4–4.5 years with body condition score 3.8 were divided into groups A (summer = 40 cows) and B (rainy season = 40 cows). Each cow in each season was artificial insemination (AI) using sexed frozen semen and conventional semen. Frozen semen was evaluated for post-thawing motility (PTM), cell membrane integrity, and acrosome damage before synchronization using 5 ml PGF2α plus vitamin E. Using a visual gun, we identified cows in estrus on days 4–7 post-synchronization. Pregnancy of cows was detected using N5Vet ultrasound on days 35 and 55. The interaction between season, semen type, and fertilization level was analyzed using standard error and two-way ANOVA, assisted by SPSS 21 software. Results: The wet season Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) level averaged 77.12 ± 1.19, and the summer season THI level averaged 82.67 ± 1.25. PTM quality averaged 60%–65%, viability 61%– 71%, sperm membrane integrity 62%–65%, and acrosome integrity 88%–91%. Conception rates (CR) value of rainy season (p < 0.05) with summer season. In addition, the services per conception (S/C) value in the rainy season (p > 0.05) is the same as in the summer. This study's S/C and CR values were within normal limits, and the pregnancy rate reached 65%–86%. Pregnancy detection can be observed on day 35, and the fetal heartbeat is visible. Conclusion: Post-AI fertilization using conventional semen was better in all seasons. The double dose of sexed semen can increase the fertilization rate in summer. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(4.000): 954-960]