Objective: The current study evaluated the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of dairy cattle through the Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) model and illustrated potential mitigation strategies by modifying nutrition interventions. Materials and Methods: A semi-structural questionnaire was developed to calculate dairy animal GHG emissions. This study comprised 40 farmers from four districts: river basin (Pabna), drought-prone (Chapainobabganj), floodplain (Nilphamari), and saline-prone (Sathkhira) areas. Ten lac¬tating cows (two cows from each farmer) were also selected to collect information on feeding practices, feed resources, feed intake (roughages and concentrate), water intake, and production and reproductive parameters for 7 days at each site during two seasons: dry (November– February) and wet (June–October). Results: The GHG emissions from the river basin area were significantly (p < 0.05) higher due to low-quality roughages (75%), whereas CH4/kg of milk production was the lowest (77.0 gm). In contrast, the area that frequently experiences drought showed a different pattern. For instance, the generation of CH4 from enteric fermentation was 1187.4 tons/year, while the production of CH4 and N2O from manure management was 323.1 tons/year and 4.86 tons/year, respectively. In comparison to other climatic areas, these values were the lowest because the supply of green grass was twice as abundant as in the other climatic areas (40%). The quantity of CH4/kg of milk produced in an area susceptible to drought did not vary. Conclusion: Implementing feeding systems in drought-prone areas is a successful approach to reducing GHG emissions in the dairy industry in Bangladesh. Consequently, implementing feed-balancing techniques can enhance productivity and foster environmentally sustainable ani¬mal production. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 664-674]

Objective: This study was conducted to isolate and identify probiotic bacteria from wild stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), a very popular high-valued aquaculture species of Bangladesh. The isolates were identified through conventional culture-based and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: Stinging catfish harvested from natural sources of three sampling sites under two districts (Kishoreganj and Netrakona) were collected, dissected for gut content, and cultured onto Lactobacillus MRS Agar plates. Out of 60 bacterial isolates obtained, 10 were cho¬sen for an in vitro evaluation of their probiotic potentials through pH and bile tolerance tests. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the selected isolates were searched against the NCBI database using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for Nucleotides (BLASTNs). Results: The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus arlettae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus succinus, Bacillus velezensis, Kocuria subflava, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Lysinibacillus sphaeri¬cus, Glutamicibacter mysorens, Bacillus cereus, and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Among them, B. subtilis, S. succinus, B. velezensis, M. caseolyticus, G. mysorens, and B. cereus exhibited notable growth across all tested pH levels (pH 2, 3, and 4) and bile salt concentrations (0.3%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) sug¬gesting that they have strong potential as probiotic bacteria. In addition, S. arlettae also indicated promising growth except at pH 2. L. sphaericus and K. subflava exhibited limited growth at low pH but tolerated bile salt concentrations. A. lwoffii did not show any growth at pH tests but minimal growth at the lower concentrations of bile salts. Conclusion: According to the potentiality assessments and previous literature reviews, five iso¬lates such as B. subtilis, S. succinus, M. caseolyticus, G. mysorens, and B. cereus were identified as potential probiotic bacteria. As species-specific probiotics are considered to perform more effec¬tively and efficiently than unknown-sourced commercial probiotics, the findings of this study will be applicable in enhancing the aquaculture production of stinging catfish. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 560-572]

Objective: This study explores consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for labeled and certified chicken meat in Mymensingh district, examining the key socioeconomic and demographic factors that shape these preferences. Materials and Method: Data were gathered through structured interviews with 300 participants from diverse urban and rural demographics, encompassing various occupational groups. The analysis employed logistic regression models to examine the determinants of WTP for labeling and certification, with a focus on variables such as income, education, health perception, environmental awareness, dependency ratio, and market distance. Results: The study found that a significant proportion of consumers preferred labeled (64%) and certified (71%) broiler meat. Strong links between higher income and education levels and increased WTP suggest that wealthier and more literate consumers are more likely to invest in food safety measures. Positive health and environmental perceptions also played a role, with more conscious consumers willing to pay a premium for labeled and certified products. On the other hand, a higher dependency ratio and greater market distance were associated with lower WTP, underscoring the impact of socioeconomic constraints and accessibility issues on consumer choices. Conclusion: Introducing labeling and certification systems could strengthen consumer trust and enhance public health, offering substantial benefits to both the poultry industry and the broader economy in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 772-781]

Antimicrobials are employed in the control of contagious illnesses in humans and animals and are also utilized as growth enhancers in livestock and poultry. Improper application of antibiotics results in the development of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), colistin-resistant, extend¬ed-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, and fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella. Transmission of MDR bacteria happens among animals, from human to animal, and vice versa, resulting in treatment failure, increased treatment cost, and high morality. In this article, we analyzed the recent publications of the current antimicrobial application practices in livestock and poultry farms and the development of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in livestock and poultry and its adverse effects on human and animal health using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google. Citations from published articles were also analyzed. Several drug-resistant bacteria, including MRSA, VRSA, colistin-resistant strains, ESBL-producing E. coli, and fluoroquinolone-resis¬tant Salmonella, have emerged due to heavy antibiotic application in cattle and poultry, according to the analysis. Transmission happens between people and animals as well as throughout the production chain, which raises the chance of failure of antibiotic therapy and fatality. To stop the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria, it is important to ensure the proper use of antibiot¬ics in livestock and poultry. Especially in developing nations, strict control and implementation of antimicrobial rules are necessary. To successfully address antimicrobial resistance and lessen dependency on antibiotics, alternative disease management strategies in livestock and poultry must be developed. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 675-685]

Objective: This research was conducted to analyze the effect of cryopreservation of sperm using modified cryoprotectants on embryo development through in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this research, three types of cryoprotectant combinations were compared, including Nakagata, modified cryoprotectant, and commercial (Kitazato). Materials and Methods: Several parameters, namely sperm concentration, motility, morphology, plasma membrane integrity, cryo-survival rate, and viability rate, were measured and compared before vitrification and warming. Embryo development was also observed on the first and third days of development based on the cell number, cell size, and fragmentation rate. Results: Sperm cryopreservation exhibited a negative influence on embryo quality. Both Nakagata cryoprotectants and modified cryoprotectants attained good-quality embryos. In terms of embryonic development, this research revealed a modified cryoprotectant superior to Nakagata's cryoprotectant, although Kitazato was superior to the Nakagata cryoprotectant and modified cryoprotectant. Significant differences were found in the three cryoprotectants on observations on day 1 and day 3, all of them with p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: Modified cryoprotectant was found to be better than Nakagata but less significant than Kitazato in terms of embryonic development quality. Therefore, modified cryoprotectants could be a better alternative compared to commercial (Kitazato) cryoprotectants for improving embryo quality. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 544-552]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize the circulating Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) from slaughtered goats and conduct a phylogenetic analysis of the N gene of PPRV. Materials and Methods: A total of 196 slaughtered goats were investigated at the marketplaces of Mymensingh division from January 2019 to March 2021. Lungs, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected for histology and molecular study. In-house developed Reverse- Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) protocols were carried out using designed primer sets (PPRV NF-gctctgtgattgcggctgagc and PPRV NR-cctggtcctccagaatcttggcc). The CLC sequence viewer was used for phylogenetic analysis. Results: Grossly pneumonic lungs, shrinkage spleen, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with hemorrhages were recorded. Both intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in lymphocytes of the mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and lungs. PPRV was detected in 37 goats (18.9%) by RT-PCR test. The 402-bp amplicon was generated in PPRV-positive cases. The phylo¬genetic analysis showed that the studied PPRV isolates of the Mymensingh division belonged to lineage IV. Conclusion: The prevalence of PPR was 18.9% in slaughtered goats at marketplaces in the Mymensingh division. Slaughterhouses may be a source of PPRV, and it can be horizontally trans¬mitted from the meat market to the farm. Restricting sick animal movement within the country, mass PPR vaccination campaigns, increased awareness, and improved biosecurity in the meat market may lessen the incidence of PPR in goats. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 655-663]

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of using multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols on estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate in swamp buffalo. Materials and Methods: This study used 30 post-partum adult buffalo, with three estrus synchronization methods treated: 1. Conventional plus Prostaglandin F2 α (PGF2α-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 2. Co-synch plus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI; 3. Combination of hormone plus (Estrogen-Progesterone-PGF2α + multivitamin)-AI. Research variables include estrus response, estrus onset, estrus duration, estrus intensity, and pregnancy rate. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 23.0 program. Results: The results showed that the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols resulted in an estrous response reaching 100%. The onset of estrus in the three treatments [Treatment-1 (T1); Treatment-2 (T2); Treatment-3 (T3)] was 25.8; 27.6; 23.9 h, estrus duration: 21.0; 21.6; 21.92 h, estrus intensity: 25.8; 27.6; 32.6 h, and the pregnancy rate for buffalo reaches 80%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the use of multivitamins in different estrus synchronization hormone protocols is effective in optimizing the swamp buffalo's estrus response; the estrus duration is longer, the estrus onset is faster, and the estrus intensity is higher. It can even optimize the increase in swamp buffalo pregnancy rates. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 729-737]

Reverse zoonosis or zooanthroponosis is the transfer of pathogens from humans to animals. Although less studied than zoonotic diseases, this phenomenon poses significant risks to both animal and public health. The increasing human-animal interactions driven by urbanization, globalization, and environmental changes have exacerbated the occurrence of reverse zoonosis. This review evaluated the global impact and transmission patterns of reverse zoonosis, highlighting the anthropogenic and intrinsic factors contributing to its emergence. The study performed a systematic review and included 91 scientific articles published from 2000 to 2022, covering viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and protozoal reverse zoonoses. This study indicated that viral infections, particularly respiratory viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and influenza, have the highest incidence of reverse zoonosis, followed by bacterial infections like tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The United States, India, and Hong Kong are among the most reported regions for reverse zoonotic events. Major risk factors identified include environmental degradation, climate change, antimicrobial resistance, and global wildlife trade. The review underscores the need for enhanced surveillance systems, interdisciplinary collaboration, and stringent regulations on wildlife trade and animal husbandry practices to mitigate the risks associated with reverse zoonosis. Understanding the dynamics of human-animal pathogen transmission is crucial for developing not only effective but also sustainable strategies to protect animal populations as well as public health from emerging infectious diseases. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 601-617]

Objective: The evaluation of frozen semen quality is an essential aspect in determining male fertility for artificial insemination programs. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of Friesian Holstein (FH) bull-frozen semen in different classes (proven and unproven) based on protein profiling and molecular evaluation. Materials and Methods: This study used frozen semen straws from FH bulls selected according to criteria for proven (6 individuals) and unproven (6 individuals) bulls produced by the Singosari AI Center (AIC). Sperm motility parameters were assessed using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA Supervision®, Germany), while sperm viability and abnormality were evaluated through eosin-nigrosin staining under a microscope at 400´ magnifications. The integrity of the sperm plasma membrane was determined using the hypoosmotic swelling test, and acrosome integrity was analyzed using the fluorescein isothiocyanate PNA-propidium iodide staining method. Protamine deficiency was quantified using Chromomycin A3 fluorescence staining, while DNA fragmentation was assessed using the acridine orange technique. Results: The findings demonstrated that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in the assessed parameters of frozen semen quality between FH-proven and unproven bulls. Furthermore, in FH-proven bulls, a negative correlation was observed between protamine deficiency and acrosome integrity (r = −0.528) and between protamine deficiency and sperm DNA fragmentation (r = −0.467). The parameters of protamine deficiency in unproven bulls exhibited a positive correlation with sperm progressive motility. Conclusion: The frozen semen quality of FH bulls in different classes (proven and unproven) was found to be equally good. Molecular-based analysis allows for a more accurate determination of semen quality. These findings are significant for bull breeding stations when comprehensively evaluating semen quality. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 796-802]

Objective: Infectious bronchitis (IB), a highly infectious acute viral disease, is a major burden to the chicken industry worldwide. The research aimed to develop an inactivated IB vaccine using local isolates and assess its immunogenicity compared to other commercial live IB vaccines. Materials and Methods: An inactivated vaccine using a candidate IB virus (PP067159.1: Alim_IB_1001) of the QX genotype was developed according to WOAH guidelines. Chickens were vaccinated with three doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 ml) at 7 days old, with a booster at 37 days old via subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) routes. Blood samples were collected on days 7, 37, and 67 to measure immune response by indirect ELISA. On day 67, chickens were challenged with a virulent IBV strain to assess vaccine protection. The experimental IB vaccine's immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and antibody duration were compared to a live IB vaccine (Live CEVAC® IBird) using three vaccination schedules: killed-followed-killed, live-followed-killed, and live-followed-live. Results: Chickens vaccinated with SC with 1.0 ml showed higher antibody titers compared to other SC and IM routes of vaccination. SC vaccination with 0.5 and 1 ml provided the highest protection (93%). The killed-followed-killed vaccination method produced a more consistent and protective level of antibody titers in chickens compared to the other vaccination schedules. The experimental inactivated IB vaccine led to a higher survival rate (93%) compared to live-followed-killed (87%) and live-followed-live (73%), with statistical significance (p < 0.01). All three chicken groups maintained protective antibody titers (>396) at 307 days, but titers declined faster in the live-followed-live and live-followed-killed groups compared to the killed-followed-killed group. Conclusion: The study found that the experimental inactivated IB vaccination can protect com¬mercial-layer chickens from natural IB outbreaks of the QX genotype. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(3.000): 592-600]