Objective: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a potent medicinal plant in Asia. This present study aimed to reveal the effectivity of Andaliman fruit extract in alleviating hyperglycemia, sensory and motoric balance disorders, histopathology of the cerebellum, and tissue oxidative stress in diabetic mice induced by alloxan. Materials and Methods: Diabetes induction was performed by intraperitoneally injecting alloxan monohydrate [200 mg/kg body weight (BW)]. Subsequently, the mice were treated daily with an ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit (0, 150, 300, 450 mg/kg BW per oral) for 28 days, followed by measurements of blood glucose, paw sensitivity, motoric balance, histopathology of the cerebellum, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, the phytochemical constituents of the extract were elucidated by liquid chromatography. Results: Higher doses of Andaliman fruit extract could significantly attenuate the elevation of random and fasting blood glucose (p < 0.05) and improve paw sensitivity responses (p < 0.05) and motoric balances (p < 0.05) in diabetic mice. Moreover, Andaliman fruit extract could significantly attenuate the degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (p < 0.05) and suppress MDA levels in the blood (p < 0.05) while blunting the MDA in the brain tissue (p < 0.05). Phytochemical screening revealed 39 compounds in the Andaliman extract belonging to the groups of alkaloids (26 compounds), flavonoids (12 compounds), and terpenoids (1 compound). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit is capable of ameliorating diabetic neuropathy, motor balance disorders, and Purkinje cell degeneration while also reducing oxidative stress in the peripheral system. Hence, Andaliman extract is a promising candidate for formulation as an herbal remedy against the detrimental outcomes of diabetes mellitus. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 608-619]

Objective: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Aeromonas veronii Alim_AV_1000 isolated from ulcerative lesions of Shing fish (stringing catfish; Heteropneustes fossilis) was performed during the outbreak year 2021. Materials and Methods: Using next-generation sequencing (Illumina) technology, WGS was accomplished, resulting in the sequencing, assembly, and analysis of the entire genome of the A. veronii strain. Moreover, the genomic features, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistome, and phylogenetic analysis for the molecular evolution of this strain were also examined. Results: The genome size of the A. veronii Alim_AV_1000 strain was 4,494,515 bp, with an average G+C content of 58.87%. Annotation revealed the known transporters and genes linked to virulence, drug targets, and antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion: The findings of the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain of the present study has a close relationship with the China strain TH0426 and strain B56. This study provides novel information on A. veronii isolated from Shing fish in Bangladesh.

Objective: This study sought to determine the occurrence, molecular identification, antimicrobi¬al-resistant trends, and gene distribution of Staphylococcus aureus in pet cats and their owners' hand swabs. Materials and Methods: From different places and clinics in Mymensingh and Dhaka, 168 pet cat samples and 42 hand swab samples from cat owners were obtained. The organisms were scruti¬nized by assessing the outcomes using conventional and molecular techniques. The disc diffusion technique was applied to find the resistance pattern against 12 antibiotics, and genes were dis¬covered by targeting specific genes using PCR. Results: The occurrence of pathogenic S. aureus in pet cats was 7.74%, while it was 9.50% in pet owners' hand swabs, and 25.0% of the pet owner's hand swabs contained these genes. Staphylococcus aureus was utterly resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefixime, erythromycin, and imipenem in both pet cat and hand swabs of pet owner samples. All S. aureus isolates had a multi¬drug-resistant phenotype, and 1 from pet cats (O19) and 1 from pet owner hand swabs (H9) were resistant to all 12 antibiotics in the 7 antimicrobial classes. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were detected by PCR. Conclusion: The study confirmed multidrug-resistant pathogenic S. aureus in pet cats and their owners in Bangladesh, indicating a major health risk to both people and cats. Thus, a holistic and integrated one-health approach between veterinary and medical specialists is needed to mitigate the global distribution of these zoonotic antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains.

Objective: Several reports on the effects of zeolite (ZEO) inclusion in diets for feedlot lamb diets have indicated improvements in dietary energy efficiency and decreases in internal fat. Inclusion levels and the type of zeolite used have been the main focus of those reports. However, the possible effect of the zeolite particle size on the growth performance and carcass characteristics has not yet been investigated. Material and Methods: Forty-eight male intact Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs were fed for 67 days with a high-energy diet supplemented with ZEO as follows: 1) basal diet 0% ZEO (control); 2) basal diet 3% ZEO particle size 250 μM (sieve 60); 3) basal diet 3% ZEO particle size 149 μM (sieve 100); and 4) basal diet 3% ZEO particle size 74 μM (sieve 200). ZEO replaced corn grain and soybean meal in equal parts. At the end of feeding, lambs were slaughtered, and variables such as carcass characteristics and visceral mass were evaluated. Results: Particle size did not affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, or visceral mass. The inclusion of ZEO reduced 3.4% of dietary net energy in diets but did not affect dry matter intake or average daily gain, thus improving (p ≤ 0.05) dietary energy efficiency by 2.9%. Except for an 18.9% reduction (p = 0.02) in visceral mass fat, ZEO did not affect other carcass characteristics or visceral organ mass. Conclusion: The particle size studied in the present experiment has not affected any of the vari¬ables of growth performance or carcass characteristics. ZEO inclusion could be a strategy to reduce the visceral fat in finishing lambs.

Objective: The effect of zeolite on Ca plasma concentration, reproductive parameters, body condition score (BCS), and colostrum properties was evaluated in Holstein dairy cows during the postpartum period. Materials and Methods: Sixty pregnant cows were allocated to three experimental groups, including 1) a control (CON) diet; 2) a CON diet + 0.75% dry matter (DM) zeolite (100 gm/day/cow); and 3) a CON diet + 1.5% DM zeolite (200 gm/day/cow). Experimental diets were fed to cows during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. Blood sample evaluation for Ca concentration was done. The prevalence of hypocalcemia and reproductive parameters, including BCS and colostrum properties, was also measured. Results: Total Ca and ionized calcium (Ca++) concentrations in plasma at 6 and 12 h after calving were higher in zeolite-consuming cows than those in CON s (p < 0.01). Mean frequencies for severe and subclinical hypocalcemia in zeolite-consuming cows were 11.64% and 19.36% lower than those in the CON group, respectively (p < 0.01). The mean pregnancy efficiency of these cows was also 12.94% higher than the CON (p < 0.01). The mean BCS (p ≤ 0.05) and colostrum quality (p < 0.01) of zeolite-consuming cows were at maximum, but their mean colostrum yield was lower than that of the CON group (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Zeolite dietary supplementation at levels of 0.75% and 1.5% DM of the preparturient diet is recommended for better CON of hypocalcemia, improved BCS and colostrum quality, and better prevention of postpartum reproductive disorders in dairy cows.

Objective: Microfilariae parasites are common in tropical regions, and some species are reported as potentially zoonotic. The diagnosis of filarial infection in dogs by cytology or hematologic tech¬niques showed lower sensibility and specificity, which may result in misdiagnosis. Thus, molecular techniques seem to be an alternative to identifying and detecting microfilariae infections. On the other hand, lymphoma is one of the main tumors in domestic animals, with a high prevalence in domestic canines. This study aims to report a mixed infection with microfilariae in a dog with lymphoma, emphasizing its diagnosis and the possible role of this infection in the development of the neoplasia. Materials and Methods: An 8-year-old male mixed breed dog was referred to consultation due to the presence of lethargy, recumbency, skin ulceration lesions, nonspecific pain manifestations, emesis, myoclonus in the left temporalis muscle, and seizures. Routine blood and biochemistry tests were normal, and cytology of the skin evidenced a microfilariae infection. The dog died due to a cardiorespiratory arrest, and tissue sampling was done for histopathology and molecular analysis at the necropsy examination. Results: Skin lesions were related to a microfilarial pyogranuloma related to Acanthocheilonema reconditum. Histopathology of the spleen and liver revealed a diffuse lymphoma composed of blast cells and large lymphocytes, distributed diffusely in the parenchyma and surrounding the vasculature. In the skin, microfilariae were seen in some superficial capillaries. Conclusion: This study describes a microfilariae mixed infection with A. reconditum and Dirofilaria immitis in a dog with a lymphoma and its molecular detection. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of a mixed microfilariae infection in a tumor of a dog and highlights the use of molecular techniques, i.e., polymerase chain reaction, for an accurate diagnosis.

Objective: The present study analyzed the seminal plasma proteome and possible relationships between proteins and semen quality in azoospermic and normal Simmental bulls. Materials and Methods: Fresh semen plasma samples from the Lembang Artificial Insemination Center were used for this study, including one bull (76´ ejaculate) with very poor semen quality/ azoospermia (poor fresh semen/infertile; PFS) and three bulls with normal semen quality (normal fresh semen; NFS) for proteomic analysis using a pooled system (NFS-Stud) (60´ ejaculate). The only males obtained with very low quality or azoospermia (PFS) had sperm motility of

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of composting on the count of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and New Castle virus (NDV) isolated from broilers' litter. Moreover, to verify the impact of compost thermal stress on the expression of thermal genes harbored in the isolated bacteria. Materials and Methods: The prevalence of enteric aerobic and anaerobic infections by Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and viral infections by NDV were investigated in litter samples collected from 100 broiler flocks by conventional methods and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The samples were positive for Salmonella spp., C. perfringens, and NDV, with prevalence rates of 60%, 55%, and 30%, respectively. An experiment to study the effect of compost on the microbiological quality of litter was applied using five compost heaps with an initial average count of Salmonella typhimurium (3.2 × 105CFU CFU/gm), C. perfringens (6.4 × 105 CFU/gm), and an average titer NDV (105.5 embryo infectious dose50/gm). The microbiological count of heaps after 15 days of composting revealed a reduction in the count of S. typhimurium and C. perfringens by 4 log10 CFU/gm and 3 log10 CFU/gm, respectively. Moreover, the hemagglutinating test revealed no detection of NDV after 15 days of composting. A high degree of downregulation of expression of the thermal genes, dnaK in S. typhimurium isolates and cpe gene in C. perfringens isolates, was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Conclusion: The reduction of pathogen counts, the simplicity, and the low cost associated with composting for only 15 days advocate the recommendation for raising awareness of composting as a routine biosecurity measure to prevent the spreading of infection and promote its safe use in agribusiness.

Probiotics are live bacteria beneficial to health when consumed adequately. Health professionals now recommend probiotics on regular diets due to their positive effects on human health. The probiotics that are usually consumed from the market through food products are mostly dairy-based. Fruit and vegetables are gaining popularity as preferred matrices for probiotic carriers to the human body, owing to their high cholesterol content and the lactose intolerance of dairy products. On the other hand, fruits and vegetable juices are rich in nutrient content such as vita¬mins, minerals, and antioxidants and do not contain a starter culture that can compete with the nutrients. The probiotication of fruit and vegetable juices (apple, carrot, citrus fruit, pomegranate, watermelon, tomato, and pineapple) are performing as efficient probiotic bacteria carriers. This review covers the previous works that highlighted the variety of probiotic fruit and vegetable juices as well as the viability of each probiotic in various products after proper fermentation and storage. In addition, physicochemical and sensory changes that occurred during the processing and storage period have been discussed. Furthermore, strategies (microencapsulation, adding prebiotics, antioxidant addition, maintaining optimum pH, temperature, adaptation with resis¬tance, and good packaging) to improve the stability of probiotic bacteria are outlined, as it is difficult to maintain the stability of probiotic bacteria during storage. Finally, the manuscript discusses the effect of probiotic fruit and vegetable juices on human health.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods. Materials and Methods: A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968). The animals were given an oral suspension of triclabendazole or levamisole at an initial dosage of 0.2 ml/kg body weight (BW). The following day, 0.2 mg/kg of 1% ivermectin was subcutaneously administered. Then, on the third and fifth days of treatment, a subcutaneous injection of 30 mg/kg BW of florfenicol (30%) was administered. The survival and recovery rates for both groups were tracked throughout a 6-month period of observation. Postmortem and histopathological signs were also assessed. Results: In the group of the novel combination therapy, group A, clinical, postmortem, and his¬topathological signs were significantly reduced compared to group B. Clinical signs and mortality in group A were 90% and 93% lower than in group B, respectively. Animals that received the new combination therapy were healed of their disease and stayed immune for 6 months. Conclusion: This novel therapy demonstrated significant efficacy against respiratory diseases in a 10-year field study. The paper proved that the protocol introduced could be a new therapeutic approach.