This study was conducted at Ramin agricultural and natural resources university inKhuzestan of Iran in 2012 to 2013. In order to estimate the (co) variance components andgenetic parameters of growth traits in Zandi sheep, It was used a total of 6188 records of birthweight (BW), 5170 records of weaning weight(WW), 2994 records of 6 month weight(6MW), 2283 records of 9 month weight(9 MW) respectively which collected in the Khajiranimal breeding station from Tehran city during 1994-2010. The SAS statistical software wasused to determine the environmental factors that affect these traits and MTGSAM softwarewas used to determine genetic parameters of growth traits under Bayesian method.Environmental factors include year of birth, lamb sex, type of birth and age of dam had asignificant difference on all traits. It is entered the age of animal in to the model as covariateduring the weigh. It is estimated the heritability and variance components of each trait withBayesian method under the uni-trait animal model. By including or ignoring maternal geneticeffector or common environmental effects due to dam to direct additive genetic effects ofanimal, six different model of analysis were fitted into each trait. To find the best model foreach trait, it was considered the minimum residual variance. Mean and standard deviation ofBW, WW,6MW and 9 MW were 4.24±0.72, 21.48±3.79, 30.98±4.7, 32.8±4.53 respectively.Results showed that for BW, model was included direct additive genetic effects, maternaladditive genetic effects and maternal permanent environmental effects without consideringthe covariance between them. For WW, model was included direct additive genetic effects,  maternal additive genetic effects with considering the covariance between them. For 6 MW,model was included direct additive genetic effects, maternal additive genetic effects andmaternal permanent environmental effects with considering the covariance between them.For 9 MW, model was included direct additive genetic effects, maternal additive geneticeffects and maternal permanent environmental effects without considering the covariancebetween them. The direct estimated heritability of BW,WW, 6MW with the best model were0.124, 0.169, 0.258 and 0.163 respectively.

The Alpha- hemolysin, produced by Proteus mirabilis PMBS41 grown in a chemical definedmedium was purified 9.77 fold with a yield (14.90 %) . Alpha-hemolysin was estimate themolecular weight which was shown to be 88,750KD by using gel filtration chromatography usingSepharose -6B and 109.64 KD by using SDS-electrophoresis and exhibited an optimum temperatureof 35 and 40°C, and pH optimas at 8.0. Whereas hemolysin reserve a full of its activity at a pH 8and a temperature at 25° - 30°C.Molecular dectection was done by using specific primer to eachHpmA and HpmB genes that encode for Hemolysin as a virulence factor of proteus mirabilis byusing MPCR and electrophoresis technique.The PCR assay results identified (53) isolate possessed hpmA and hpmB genes of the proteusmirabilis bacteria diagnosed , This explains the blood analysis of all pathogenic bacterial isolates butwith different ratio and the importance of PCR in detection of virulence of proteus mirabilis inclinical urine samples of urinary tract infection (UTI) .

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains have been divided into three groups: virulent(velogenic), moderately virulent (mesogenic), and non-virulent strains (lentogenic). The nonvirulentvirus strain (LaSota strain) has been used as a live vaccine, which gives good immunityagainst the virulent strains. The aim of the study was to grow and propagate Newcastle diseasevirus in the lab, determination ofcytopathic effects in chicken embryos, and confirmation ofvirus growth by hemagglutination test. Non-virulent strain (LaSota strain)represented by livevaccine was used for this purpose. Embryonated eggs were inoculated with the virus andincubated for 48 hours; and theallantoic fluids were then collected for further processing.Petichial hemorrhages were clearly observed in the embryos following infection while in theun-inoculated eggs; the embryos appeared normal and did not show any lesions. For furthervirus growth confirmation, the presence of virus in the allantoic fluid was determined byhemagglutiation test. This finding is considered as a starting point for Newastle disease virusantigen preparation, which is essential for the applications of several laboratory techniques.

The intent of this study were to explain the gross anatomical study of the bones of the camelfeet (Forelimb and Hindlimb) from under the carpal and tarsal joints by using traditional techniquesfor gross anatomical preparation of bones (using 6 pairs of forelimb and hindlimb). The camel ischaracterized by two contrary adaptive factors, firstly, its camel leg must be long and skinny forprotective from hot desert environment, and secondly, the leg must be strong enough to a bear theheavy weight of the camel body and to prevent sinking in the sands of the desert. The camel leghave these two factors (elongation & slimness) and at the same time the strength stemming from ofseveral structural adaptations such as the abundance of fatty-elastic (digital cushions) inside thefoot, the length of the metacarpal and metatarsal and the horizontal positioning of phalanges. Theresults showed that the large metacarpal and metatarsal bones are characterized by the fusion of 3rdand 4th metacarpal and metatarsal bones on the entire length of the bone except at the distal endwhich happens a divergence of bone from each other larger than the rest of the animals to distributethe weight of the camel on a larger area, metatarsal bone resemble the metacarpal with theexception of the metatarsal being smaller and has more cylindrical body, the bones of the phalangesare longest when compared to other animals, the proximal phalanx of camel was characterized byits elongation when compared with ruminants, the length of the middle phalanx reach to almost halfthe length of the proximal phalanx while the distal phalanx was considered the smallest of the threephalanges and has the wedge shape, the number of sesamoid bones in the camels were differentfrom other animals in the absence of the distal sesamoid bone in order to allow free movement ofthe foot.

Samples of the snails were collected from site in Al-Rasheed distract (30 km) southern ofBaghdad. Isolation, identification and acclimatization to laboratory circumstances made within thelaboratory. Several toxic parameters as NOEL, Threshold, different values of ED and LD weredetermined in this study. The ED50 of S. officinalis and Copper sulfates to B. truncatus were (8.8and0.04g/L) respectively. The LD50 of S. officinalis and Copper sulfates to B. truncatus were (20and 2.2 g/L) respectively.The study showed that the extracts of S. officinalis were less effectivethan CuSO4. The results improved that the toxicity of extracts was dose and time dependent. Thepresent work concluded to ability to use the target extracts in control of snails the middle host ofurinary Schistosomiasis.

The present research was planned to realize and determine the calcification inthe kidneys of two ages (18 months and 24 months) of laying hens. There are no cleardifferences in histological appearance by using (H&E) stain between to ages, butthere are higher significant differences in the height of epithelium cells and lowersignificant differences in the lumen of renal tubules in the kidneys of laying hens for(24 months) than in the (18 months). By using special dyes (Van Kossa)revelateddeposits of calcium salts and using immunohistochemistry method, theresults showed presence of calcification in form of small foci in varying sizes bearingwithin them brown to dark color calcium deposits in the glomerulus, the epitheliumlayer and basement membrane of the renal tubules and between them. In general thecalcified foci in different areas of kidneys in the 24 month age increase than in the 18months age.

The aim of our study was to investigate effect of FST over-expression by using AAVserotype 2 (AAV 2) vector on ovine primary myoblast (OPM)differentiation andproliferation. Primary myoblast cultures were obtained from 60-day-old sheep fetuses.Western blot confirmed that AAV2 could successfully express FST protein intransduced primary myoblast cells. Southern blot results demonstrated that AAVvectors integrated at apparently random genomic sites and promoted the transgenicmyoblast proliferation and differentiation. The results suggested that the AAV systemcould be used to generate transgenic meat sheep in the future

Genetic markers are one of the best methods to evaluate animal genetics potential.FecX, FecB and FecG genes have belonged to TGFβ superfamily. These genes haveadditive effect on litter size and ovulation rate in sheep. The aim of the present study wasdetermination of FecX, FecB and FecGH mutations in Iranian Arabic sheep. In this study100 blood samples were collected of prolific sheep of Arabic breeds. DNA of bloodsamples was extracted by modified salting out method. Site of mutation was amplifiedusing specific primers and PCR products were digested with special restricted enzymesfor FecX, FecB and FecGH mutations. Results have showed no mutations of FecX, FecBand FecGH mutation were detected in Iranian Arabic sheep breed. Therefore, FecX, FecBand FecGH mutations did not cause of prolificacy in this breed and further research isrequired to evaluate the relationship of the fecundity genes with litter size and ovulationrate in this breed.

The aim of the present study is to assess the physiological impact of clove powder and oil as anesthetics on young common carp (averaged 60 g in weight). Three concentrations of clove powder (200, 300 and 400 mg/L) and clove oil (1, 1.5 and 2 ml/L) were used with three replicates of 3 fish in 30 L glass aquaria each. Time of anesthesia and recovery in addition to physiological indices (ventilation rate, plasma sugar and cortisol levels, RBC and WBC count) were monitored. Carp exposed to doses of clove powder showed clear adverse relation between induction time and concentration of the anesthetic, (452 sec. in 200 mg/ L and 137sec. in 400 mg/L). Recovery time was negatively correlated to induction time and was directly proportional with increasing doses of clove powder (290 sec. at 400mg/L and 199 sec. at 200mg/L). The ventilation rate increased significantly in all stages of anesthesia and recovery compared to control (17.5 /15 sec.). RBC decreased at higher concentrations to 0.78 and 0.34 x1012 cells/L compared to control (0.93x10 12 cell/L) during anesthesia and recovery stages. WBC count declined in both anesthesia and recovery stages, coinciding with the elevation of sugar and cortisol which act as an immunosuppressive. Fish exposed to 1 and 1.5 and 2 ml/L of clove oil took 275, 208 and 93 sec. respectively, to enter complete anesthesia. The longest time to the full recovery (239.25 sec.) was seen at high concentration and decreased to 229 sec. in light concentration. There was a clear negative correlation between anesthesia and recovery times. RBCs count decreased significantly to (0.88x1012cells/L) at1.5 ml/L. It increased during recovery compared to control (0.92x1012cells/L). WBC count in anesthetized fishes with 1, 1.5 and 2 ml/L show significant increase to (218, 198 and 232x109cells/L) respectively, when compared to control group(128x109cells/L). They increased to (191, 162 and 207 x109 cells/L) during recovery. Significant increase in the concentrations of cortisol was seen during anesthesia and recovery compared with control. No increase in sugar level was detected during anesthesia with only slight increase during recovery. Results were discussed in terms of physiological status of fish during sedation and recovery for both materials.

To determine the type of immune response to oocyst vaccine in broiler against coccidiosis,broilers were vaccinated with two doses of prepared oocyst protein from the local strain ofEmeria tenella parasite. The vaccine was applied on 3rdand 16th day of age subcutaneously ata dose (25 μg per chicken), vaccinated birds were challenged at 30 day of age. Blood sampleswere collected at (7th, 28thand 39th) day of age. The immunogenicity of vaccine was studiedby using SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Fourteen polypeptides had been estimated moreimmunogenic after probing with immunized chicken serum at 39th days of age, theirmolecular weight are (167.8, 114.5, 83.4, 78.2, 73.5, 53.3, 44.1, 38.8, 36.4, 28.2, 20.5, 18,14.9and 13.9) KD. In addition, the levels of ˠ -IFN and IL-4 were estimated in the serum ofimmunized chickens by using ELISA kits. The results demonstrated two types of immunity,cellular and humoral responses against E.tenella oocyst vaccine.