Objective: This study was constructed to build up the normal dimensions of the digestive tract of domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Materials and methods: Five rabbits of both sexes were used in this study. After dissection of the rabbits, the exact positions of different parts of the digestive tract (i.e., esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) were measured using Metric rule, thread, electronic and normal balance. Results: The mean lengths of the small intestine and large intestine were 169.53+/-21.65 and 132.3+/-17.42 cm, respectively, and weight of the whole digestive tract was 263.60+/-56.80 gm. The mean lengths and mean diameter of esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum were 9.62+/-1.64, 41.26+/-4.06, 106.60+/-14.64, 21.64+/-46.32, 41.14+/-2.82, 83.16+/-13.74 and 8.0+/-1.08 cm and 1.16+/-0.12, 1.71+/-0.11, 1.70+/-0.09, 1.73+/-0.05, 5.47+/-0.15, 3.36+/-0.16 and 2.81+/-0.24 cm, respectively. Conclusion: These results can be considered as a baseline study that may assist in disease diagnosis and clinical works with rabbits. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 145-151]

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate nutritional status of high yielding dairy cattle around parturition. Materials and methods: Nutritional status of cows around the peri-parturient period was investigated for six months in dairy farm. Seven to eight months' pregnant cows were selected for this study. Blood samples from 24 randomly selected cows were collected at stage-1, -2 and -3. The serum was stored at -20C until analyzing glucose, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), triglycerides (Tg), cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P). Results: An increasing trend of glucose level was evidenced (P=0.07) during stage-1. Instead, higher levels of TP were found during stage-3 as compared to the stage-1 and -2. The Alb levels differed significantly (P<0.01) among different stages. A significantly increased (P<0.01) cholesterol, Tg, and HDL were found after parturition (stage-2 and -3) than before parturition (stage-1). LDL was significantly (P=0.02) increased during stage-2 and -3. A significantly higher level of Ca (P<0.01), Mg (P<0.01) and P (P=0.03) were present during stage-1. Glucose, TP, cholesterol and Tg were significantly higher (P<0.01) in cows two months after parturition, while Alb was found to be the highest (P<0.01) in cows immediately after parturition. An increasing trend of LDL (P=0.07) and HDL (P=0.07) were found in the cows two months after parturition. However, Ca levels were significantly (P=0.04) higher in cows two months after parturition. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is alteration of biochemical levels among the study population at three different stages, and these data may be helpful in using the necessary nutrients to the the high yielding cows around their parturition. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 68-74]

Objective: The identification of meat species in meat products is important for protection of human health, economic reasons, religious factors and for controlling the compliance with food regulations. For this purpose, DNA must be obtained in good quality and quantity. The aim of this study was to compare different DNA isolation methods from different meat products. Materials and methods: Comparison among different DNA isolation methods was done. DNA was isolated from different meat products (e.g., sucuk, salami, sausage, braised meet, meatball and pastrami). The methods included phenol/chloroform, DNA isolation kit, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Dodecyle Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (DTAB). Results: Although DNA was obtained from all of these methods, the phenol/chloroform and DNA isolation kit methods were found to be the most effective methods for obtaining high quantity DNA. RNA contamination was determined to be common in DTAB method. High quantity of DNA and RNA contamination in terms of quality was detected in CTAB method. Ruminant specific 16S rRNA primer was used to amplify genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction and all samples were amplified except for some samples of DTAB. Conclusion: DNA isolation kit, another best method, is recommended due to quality and quantity of DNA for researchers who do not want that phenol/chloroform method have toxic substances. This study is also the first study in which DTAB method is used for DNA extraction from meat products. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(4.000): 368-374]

Objective: The study was conducted to evaluate the influence of season on cauda epididymal spermatozoa isolated from bucks. Materials and methods: Testes of 30 mature bucks were collected from local slaughter house, and were processed for the retrieval of cauda epididymal spermatozoa for evaluation. Testes were collected in three seasons (winter, summer and rainy), and each season was having 10 pairs of testicles. Recovered spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis were processed immediately for evaluation of semen attributes (Spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal status and DNA integrity). Results: Physiological effect of season was observed on progressive motility, percent of live spermatozoa, spermatozoal membrane integrity (HOST), acrosomal integrity, capacitation status and DNA integrity. Progressive motility, percent live spermatozoa, HOST positive spermatozoa, were found significantly (P<0.05) high in summer season, whereas, significantly (P<0.05) lower comet positive spermatozoa were found in summer season as compared to rainy and winter. Compromised acrosomal status was seen in winter and rainy seasons as compared to summer. Conclusion: Compromised acrosome along with plasma membrane and higher percentage of spermatozoa with damaged DNA in cauda spermatozoa were observed during winter and rainy seasons as compared to summer season. Summer season was found to be the most suitable season for collection of cauda epididymal spermatozoa and can effectively be used for assisted reproduction with further investigations of associated mechanisms. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 263-267]

Objective: The present study was primarily undertaken to determine the seroprevalnace of Chlamidya abortus infection in the Libyan camel (Camelus dromedarius). Materials and methods: Serological tests for C. abortus antibodies were conducted with 245 camels (205 females and 40 males) in different localities in the western region of Libya. Animals varied in age from <1 to 20 years and were sampled randomly from both housed and nomadic herds. From each animal, 10 mL blood sample was collected and sera were separated. Antibodies in the sera against C. abortus were detected using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Results of this study showed that out of the 245 camels tested for anti-chlamydia antibodies, 30 were found positive giving an overall prevalence of 12.25%. The seroprevalence of chlamydiosis was 2 folds higher in females (14.00%) as compared to males (5.00%). Conclusion: The present findings signify the C. abortus as a potential agent to cause abortion in Libyan camel (C. dromedarius). Besides, the persons who handle camels in Libya are at risk of infecting with C. abortus. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 178-183]

Objective: Lighting requirements of birds have to be considered for choosing the optimal light intensity. Therefore, the experiment was carried out to study the effects of the different light intensities on performance, welfare and behavior of turkey poults. Materials and Methods: A total of 81 turkey poults aging 3 weeks were randomly selected and divided into three equal groups. The birds were subjected for 3 different light intensities (5, 25 and 50 lux) with 12 h photoperiod in 3 separate rooms. The growth performance parameters of the poults were measured; the parameters were body weight (BW), average feed intake (FI), average body weight gain (ABWG), relative growth rate (RGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Besides, blood parameters and behavioral characters were observed. Results: Our results revealed that poults reared in low intensity (5 lux) had better performance (body weight gain, relative growth rate and feed intake). Also, final body weight was significantly higher in 5 lux. The cortisol level was lower in 5 lux than other 25 and 50 lux. Behavior of poults is affected by light intensities in our study, where feather preening, feather pecking and aggressive behaviors were significantly higher in birds housed in the highest intensity (50 lux). In the same way, drinking time was significantly higher in 25 lux. The poults tended to lay and rest on perches more under the lowest intensity (5 lux). Conclusion: It was concluded that, it is better to use moderate light intensity to improve previous parameters with avoiding abnormal behavior. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(1.000): 18-23]

Objective: Surgical correction of congenital meningo encephalocele in a new born Jersey calf. Materials and methods: A day old jersey calf was presented with a swelling over frontal region, whioch was diagnosed as congenital cranial meningocele by findings of clinical examination, radiography and the same was corrected surgically under local infiltration anesthesia using lignocaine hydrochloride. Results: Recurrence was not observed in the calf and it was recovered uneventfully Conclusion: Congenital defects should be attended as earlier as possible so as to increase the chance of survivability. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 192-194]

Adipose tissue is the principal fat storing tissue which secretes various molecules known as adipokines. The major adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, resistin, chemerin and apelin. Adipokines are regarded as the and ldquo;marker of body metabolic status'' which maintains the body energy homeostasis. An adequate energy level is essential for the onset of puberty and ovarian functions. Adipokines act as energy sensor and signal the body energy level to hypothalamic neurons to regulate many physiological activities including ovarian functions such as onset of puberty, estrus behavior, follicular development and ovulation followed by corpus luteum (CL) formation and function in livestock. However, adipose tissue dysfunctions limit adipokines secretion leading to an imbalance in body energy level which ultimately affects the reproduction in livestock. This mini-review highlights the modulatory roles of various adipokines in ovarian functions of livestock. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 206-213]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the histomorphological structure and functional significance of various special regulatory devices of the vascular terminal branches of the skin in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Materials and methods: Skin samples from different body parts (e.g., front, neck and shoulder, back, belly, chest, thigh, flank and tail) of camel were used in this study. The samples were stained with Harris hematoxylin and trichrome stain. Semithin sections were also prepared from these samples. Results: The vascular elements demonstrated in the current study included- throttle arteries within the dermis on the level of the hair papillae, glomus bodies within the dermis on the level mid-length of the hair follicles, medium-sized arteries on the level of the secretory end-pieces of the epitrichial sweat glands, and tufts of spirally-oriented arterioles in the nearby of the hair follicles. Conclusions: These vascular elements are either designed to control blood pressure (Hemo-dynamic mechanism) or patterned to control body temperature (Thermo-regulatory mechanism). [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(2.000): 106-111]

Objective: This case report describes the management of a clinical case of trypanosomosis in an adult Friesian Sahiwal cow. Materials and methods: An adult cow aging 3 years was presented with a complain of wound infection, weakness and inappetence. Physical examination was carried out and samples were collected for laboratory investigations. Results: The clinical history revealed generalised enlargements of the pre-scapular and pre-femoral lymph nodes, pale mucous membrane and weight loss. Laboratory investigation showed that the cow had normocytic normochromic anemia with hyperproteinemia. Thin blood smear examination revealed the presence of Trypanosoma evansi. Treatment was instituted with Diminazene aceturate dosed at 3.5 mg/kg bwt through intramuscular (IM) route for 3 days, 20 mL of Fercobsang for 3 days, IM, Flunixin meglumine dosed at 1.1 mg/kg bwt, IM, and Oxytetracycline dosed at 20 mg/kg bwt, IM once. The wounds were cleaned daily for one week. Examination of the blood film after therapy showed no parasite. Conclusion: The findings of this case report demonstrate the importance of an effective treatment regimen in managing bovine trypanosomosis in an endemic farm. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2016; 3(3.000): 286-291]