Objective: The present study investigated the effects of Andaliman fruit extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA-1) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse models induced with streptozocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: In this research, mice were allocated into six distinct groups: normal, negative control (HFD and STZ), positive control (metformin, HFD, and STZ), and three treatment groups (HFD, STZ, and Andaliman extract at varying dosages of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, respec¬tively). Body weight and blood glucose levels (BGLs) were recorded at weeks 1 (baseline), 8, 12, and 16. The levels of TNF-α and TRPA-1 were measured during the 16th week. Results: Phytochemical screening of the Andaliman extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The one-way ANOVA revealed significantly elevated BGL at week 16 in the negative control group in comparison to the other groups (p < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons showed that the negative control had significantly higher TNF-α levels than the Andaliman-groups (z = 22.11, p < 0.01). TRPA-1 was significantly higher in the negative control group compared to the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman's rho analysis revealed a statistically significant positive associ¬ation between BGL and both TNF-α and TRPA-1, as well as between TNF-α and TRPA. Conclusion: Andaliman extract potentially serves as a therapy for diabetic neuropathy in T2DM by lowering BGL and inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and TRPA-1. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 284-290]

Objective: The present study investigated the effects of Andaliman fruit extract on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA-1) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse models induced with streptozocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: In this research, mice were allocated into six distinct groups: normal, negative control (HFD and STZ), positive control (metformin, HFD, and STZ), and three treatment groups (HFD, STZ, and Andaliman extract at varying dosages of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, respec­tively). Body weight and blood glucose levels (BGLs) were recorded at weeks 1 (baseline), 8, 12, and 16. The levels of TNF-α and TRPA-1 were measured during the 16th week. Results: Phytochemical screening of the Andaliman extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The one-way ANOVA revealed significantly elevated BGL at week 16 in the negative control group in comparison to the other groups (p < 0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons showed that the nega­tive control had significantly higher TNF-α levels than the Andaliman-groups (z = 22.11, p < 0.01). TRPA-1 was significantly higher in the negative control group compared to the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman’s rho analysis revealed a statistically significant positive associ­ation between BGL and both TNF-α and TRPA-1, as well as between TNF-α and TRPA. Conclusion: Andaliman extract potentially serves as a therapy for diabetic neuropathy in T2DM by lowering BGL and inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and TRPA-1. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 284-290, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k774

Objective: This study aimed to detect Toxocara cati in cats by microscopic and molecular analysis using PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 200 cat feces samples were taken from various private veterinarian clinics in Baghdad. To identify eggs of T. cati by the flotation method, DNA from 100 cat feces was extracted, and one pair of ITS2 region-specific primers was used for polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing. Results: Toxocara cati infection rate was found to be 23 out of 100 fecal samples using PCR. Ten DNA product sequence data studies showed 98%–100% similarity to the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences found in the Gene Bank. The study incidence showed that the overall infection rate by microscopic examination was 23%, with no significant difference between stray cats (27%), and domestic cats (19%). After studying the effect of several epidemiological parameters on the infec¬tion rate, it was found that the infection rates of stray and domestic cats were higher in kittens under six months of age, at 46.1% and 27%, respectively, whereas rates were lower for the adult than six months was 11.5% of domestic cats and 14.7% of stray cats. The percentage of stray and domestic male cats that were registered was 35.5%, whereas the female cats registered were 20.6% and 17.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Cats are significant clinical reservoirs for zoonotic parasites. In Iraq, Baghdad has a high incidence of T. cati detections. Compared to conventional methods, PCR is thought to be a more sensitive, accurate diagnostic procedure that confirms the species' identity. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 392-397]

Objective: This study aimed to detect Toxocara cati in cats by microscopic and molecular analysis using PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and Methods: Randomly selected 200 cat feces samples were taken from various pri­vate veterinarian clinics in Baghdad. To identify eggs of T. cati by the flotation method, DNA from 100 cat feces was extracted, and one pair of ITS2 region-specific primers was used for polymerase chain reaction, followed by sequencing. Results: Toxocara cati infection rate was found to be 23 out of 100 fecal samples using PCR. Ten DNA product sequence data studies showed 98%–100% similarity to the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences found in the Gene Bank. The study incidence showed that the overall infection rate by microscopic examination was 23%, with no significant difference between stray cats (27%), and domestic cats (19%). After studying the effect of several epidemiological parameters on the infec­tion rate, it was found that the infection rates of stray and domestic cats were higher in kittens under six months of age, at 46.1% and 27%, respectively, whereas rates were lower for the adult than six months was 11.5% of domestic cats and 14.7% of stray cats. The percentage of stray and domestic male cats that were registered was 35.5%, whereas the female cats registered were 20.6% and 17.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Cats are significant clinical reservoirs for zoonotic parasites. In Iraq, Baghdad has a high incidence of T. cati detections. Compared to conventional methods, PCR is thought to be a more sensitive, accurate diagnostic procedure that confirms the species’ identity. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 392-397, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k788

Objective: There is still much to be discovered regarding the etiopathogenesis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: Four groups of female Wister-Albino rats were established, each with a normal estrous cycle: control, D ( + ) galactose (D-galactose), Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), and prepared secondary antibody (Ab2). Serum samples were collected, and histopathological examination was performed on ovaries and spleen tissues. Immunoreactive anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) quantities were determined using a modified antigen-based ELISA procedure. ELISA assay kits were used to quantify FSH, LH, and estradiol 17 β concentrations. Results: The study found that AOA concentration in undiluted samples was significantly higher in the second and fourth weeks after PCOS induction by D-galactose (p < 0.001). However, antibody index% and titer elevated in the D-galactose group. L. sativum's late efficacy was observed in the fourth week, while the concentration of undiluted samples in the D-galactose + Ab2 group lowered (p < 0.001). Higher basal FSH and LH levels and lower estrogen levels are associated with PCOS development. L. sativum's immunomodulatory properties may contribute to this associa¬tion. Estradiol-17ß concentrations increased in D-galactose + L. sativum and D-galactose + Ab2 groups, respectively. Conclusion: Careful extrapolation of experimental models is crucial for clinical applications, as technical advancements make Ab2 production easier. Further study is needed to fully understand its potential in immunotherapy. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 418-428]

Objective: There is still much to be discovered regarding the etiopathogenesis and management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: Four groups of female Wister-Albino rats were established, each with a normal estrous cycle: control, D ( + ) galactose (D-galactose), Lepidium sativum (L. sativum), and prepared secondary antibody (Ab2). Serum samples were collected, and histopathological examination was performed on ovaries and spleen tissues. Immunoreactive anti-ovarian antibody (AOA) quantities were determined using a modified antigen-based ELISA procedure. ELISA assay kits were used to quantify FSH, LH, and estradiol 17 β concentrations. Results: The study found that AOA concentration in undiluted samples was significantly higher in the second and fourth weeks after PCOS induction by D-galactose (p < 0.001). However, antibody index% and titer elevated in the D-galactose group. L. sativum’s late efficacy was observed in the fourth week, while the concentration of undiluted samples in the D-galactose + Ab2 group lowered (p < 0.001). Higher basal FSH and LH levels and lower estrogen levels are associated with PCOS development. L. sativum’s immunomodulatory properties may contribute to this associa­tion. Estradiol-17ß concentrations increased in D-galactose + L. sativum and D-galactose + Ab2 groups, respectively. Conclusion: Careful extrapolation of experimental models is crucial for clinical applications, as technical advancements make Ab2 production easier. Further study is needed to fully understand its potential in immunotherapy. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 418-428, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k791

Objective: Research has demonstrated that Leptospermum scoparium possesses various thera¬peutic benefits. This study set out to determine whether or not L. scoparium extracts had any effect on the ability of HepG2 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to survive. Materials and Methods: The antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium extracts was explored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The most active fraction was selected to investigate its effects on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The constituents of this fraction were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Results: Research demonstrated that the chloroform fraction of L. scoparium (LSCF) significantly impacted the HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Treatment with LSCF led to a notable rise in both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the mRNA levels of P53, Bax, and caspases, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA saw a decrease. The analysis of LSCF revealed the primary components to be cis-calamenene, beta-eudesmol, cyclododecane, and alpha-muurolene. Conclusion: The study showed the promising antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium, suggesting its potential application for cancer treatment. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 237-246]

Objective: Research has demonstrated that Leptospermum scoparium possesses various thera­peutic benefits. This study set out to determine whether or not L. scoparium extracts had any effect on the ability of HepG2 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to survive. Materials and Methods: The antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium extracts was explored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The most active fraction was selected to investigate its effects on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The constituents of this fraction were characterized using GC-MS analysis. Results: Research demonstrated that the chloroform fraction of L. scoparium (LSCF) significantly impacted the HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Treatment with LSCF led to a notable rise in both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the mRNA levels of P53, Bax, and caspases, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA saw a decrease. The analysis of LSCF revealed the primary components to be cis-calamenene, beta-eudesmol, cyclododecane, and alpha-muurolene. Conclusion: The study showed the promising antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium, suggesting its potential application for cancer treatment. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 237-246, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k769

Objective: This study aims to develop formulas for estimating tracheal diameter and length in dogs using easily measurable anatomical parameters. Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 20 dogs of various breeds, comprising 10 males and 10 females, sourced from cadavers. The measured parameters included occipital tuberosity to tail base (OT), eye angle to ear tragus, nose to ear tragus, inner vertical diameters (IVD), and tracheal length (TL). The study conducted correlation and linear regression analyses, and subsequently, the formulated models underwent validation using 16 live dogs. The results were compared to radiographic measurements. Results: Linear regression recommended formulas based on OT, resulting in IVD (mm) = 0.203 × OT – 3.724 (r2 = 0.608, p < 0.001) and TL (cm) = 0.346 × OT–3.773 (r2 = 0.837, p < 0.001). The predicted tracheal diameter and length from formulas were slightly smaller than radiographic measurements (IVD = 2.76 ± 1.85 mm, p < 0.0001 and TL = 2.07 ± 1.81 cm, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These formulas offer a practical way to estimate tracheal dimensions in live dogs, facilitating the selection of suitable endotracheal tube sizes and insertion depth. Further studies with larger sample sizes and consistent measurement methods can enhance the accuracy of these findings. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 323-329]

Objective: This study aims to develop formulas for estimating tracheal diameter and length in dogs using easily measurable anatomical parameters. Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 20 dogs of various breeds, comprising 10 males and 10 females, sourced from cadavers. The measured parameters included occipital tuberosity to tail base (OT), eye angle to ear tragus, nose to ear tragus, inner vertical diameters (IVD), and tracheal length (TL). The study conducted correlation and linear regression analyses, and subse­quently, the formulated models underwent validation using 16 live dogs. The results were com­pared to radiographic measurements. Results: Linear regression recommended formulas based on OT, resulting in IVD (mm) = 0.203 × OT – 3.724 (r2 = 0.608, p < 0.001) and TL (cm) = 0.346 × OT–3.773 (r2 = 0.837, p < 0.001). The predicted tracheal diameter and length from formulas were slightly smaller than radiographic measurements (IVD = 2.76 ± 1.85 mm, p < 0.0001 and TL = 2.07 ± 1.81 cm, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These formulas offer a practical way to estimate tracheal dimensions in live dogs, facilitating the selection of suitable endotracheal tube sizes and insertion depth. Further studies with larger sample sizes and consistent measurement methods can enhance the accuracy of these findings. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 323-329, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k780

Objectives: Current research aimed to compare the effects of fungal and bacterial phytase with or without citric acid (CA) on growth performance, serum mineral profile, bone quality, and nutrient retention in birds given non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)-deficient diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 Indian River broiler chicks were disturbed into six groups, namely, i) positive control (PC), ii) negative control (NC) contained 0.2% lower nPP than that in the PC diet, iii) NC + fungal phytase (Aspergillus niger), iv) NC + fungal phytase with 2% CA, v) NC + bacterial phytase (Escherichia coli), and vi) NC + bacterial phytase with 2% CA. Results: Compared to the PC group, the NC group showed poor performance, serum phospho¬rus (P) content, P retention, and bone quality. However, with the inclusion of phytase, all these phenomena were improved. The addition of bacterial phytase showed better values compared with fungal phytase. The main effects of phytase were significant for the feed conversion ratio (FCR), metabolizable energy conversion ratio (MECR), and P retention. The addition of CA, either with fungal or bacterial phytases, did not show considerable beneficial effects on overall performance. However, the main effects of CA were significant on the FCR, MECR, and crude protein conversion ratio. Conclusion: Incorporating bacterial and fungal phytase into low-nPP diets enhanced the broiler's performance. The effects of bacterial phytase were more apparent than those of fungal phytase. However, the efficacy of phytase based on the source might relate to dose, and other factors need further investigation. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 376-383]

Objectives: Current research aimed to compare the effects of fungal and bacterial phytase with or without citric acid (CA) on growth performance, serum mineral profile, bone quality, and nutrient retention in birds given non-phytate phosphorus (nPP)-deficient diets. Materials and Methods: A total of 216 Indian River broiler chicks were disturbed into six groups, namely, i) positive control (PC), ii) negative control (NC) contained 0.2% lower nPP than that in the PC diet, iii) NC + fungal phytase (Aspergillus niger), iv) NC + fungal phytase with 2% CA, v) NC + bacterial phytase (Escherichia coli), and vi) NC + bacterial phytase with 2% CA. Results: Compared to the PC group, the NC group showed poor performance, serum phospho­rus (P) content, P retention, and bone quality. However, with the inclusion of phytase, all these phenomena were improved. The addition of bacterial phytase showed better values compared with fungal phytase. The main effects of phytase were significant for the feed conversion ratio (FCR), metabolizable energy conversion ratio (MECR), and P retention. The addition of CA, either with fungal or bacterial phytases, did not show considerable beneficial effects on overall perfor­mances. However, the main effects of CA were significant on the FCR, MECR, and crude protein conversion ratio. Conclusion: Incorporating bacterial and fungal phytase into low-nPP diets enhanced the broiler’s performance. The effects of bacterial phytase were more apparent than those of fungal phytase. However, the efficacy of phytase based on the source might relate to dose, and other factors need further investigation. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(2): 376-383, June 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k786

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the variants of the growth hormone receptor (GHR), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), pituitary-specific transcription factor-1 (PIT1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5) genes and their effect on growth performance and dressing percentage (DP) parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 401 DNA samples from Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle were utilized for the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, of which 200 samples were used for the study of DP association and 74 samples were used to investigate growth performance. The SO cattle growth performance includes the following: birth weight, weaning weight at 205 days of age, weaning average daily gain (ADG), yearling weight at 365 days of age, and post-weaning ADG. Results: The GHR, GHRH, PIT1, and STAT5A genes showed polymorphism. The highest polymorphism information content value was shown in the STAT5A gene. The highest DP value was found in the SO cattle population with the CC genotype (STAT5A), and the lowest DP value was found in the SO cattle population with the GG genotype (GHR). The GHR and STAT5A genotypes were highly associated (p < 0.05) with the DP parameter. Based on locus combination analysis, the highest DP value was found in the SO cattle population with AG|CC genotype (GHR|STAT5A) (57.85%), AG|BB|CC genotype (GHR|GHRH|STAT5A) (57.85%), and AA|BB|BB|CC genotype 18 (GHR|GHRH|PIT1|STAT5A) (56.02%). Conclusion: All investigated genes in this study were polymorphic but were not associated with several growth parameters. The GHR and STAT5A genes can be proposed as genetic markers for the high DP trait in SO cattle in Indonesia, especially the AA genotype (GHR) and CC genotype (STAT5A). [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 85-92]

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the variants of the growth hormone receptor (GHR), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), pituitary-specific transcription factor-1 (PIT1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5) genes and their effect on growth performance and dressing percentage (DP) parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 401 DNA samples from Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle were utilized for the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method, of which 200 samples were used for the study of DP association and 74 samples were used to investigate growth performance. The SO cattle growth performance includes the following: birth weight, weaning weight at 205 days of age, weaning average daily gain (ADG), yearling weight at 365 days of age, and post-weaning ADG. Results: The GHR, GHRH, PIT1, and STAT5A genes showed polymorphism. The highest polymorphism information content value was shown in the STAT5A gene. The highest DP value was found in the SO cattle population with the CC genotype (STAT5A), and the lowest DP value was found in the SO cattle population with the GG genotype (GHR). The GHR and STAT5A genotypes were highly associated (p < 0.05) with the DP parameter. Based on locus combination analysis, the highest DP value was found in the SO cattle population with AG|CC genotype (GHR|STAT5A) (57.85%), AG|BB|CC genotype (GHR|GHRH|STAT5A) (57.85%), and AA|BB|BB|CC genotype 18 (GHR|GHRH|PIT1|STAT5A) (56.02%). Conclusion: All investigated genes in this study were polymorphic but were not associated with several growth parameters. The GHR and STAT5A genes can be proposed as genetic markers for the high DP trait in SO cattle in Indonesia, especially the AA genotype (GHR) and CC genotype (STAT5A). Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(1): 85-92, March 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k751

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effects of the use of binders on the physical quality and digestibility of Alabio ducks (Anas platyrinchos Borneo). Materials and Methods: Pellet binders used tapioca meal (TM) (Manihot utilissima), sago meal (SM) (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), and sweet potato meal (SPM) (Ipomoea batatas) pelleted feed. Laying Alabio ducks, around 120 birds, aged 20 weeks with an average body weight of 1,426 ± 113.5 gm, were used. A fully randomized design with 4 treatments and 15 repeats was used in this study. The variables measured include the physical quality and digestibility of pellet feed. Data analysis used a Fisher test. For the distinction between treatments, the Duncan multiple-range test was conducted. Results: The finding showed that the plant-based pellet binder had a natural effect on physical properties, including pellet durability index, moisture content, threshold power, stack density, and stack compacted density. The strength of the pellet binder is seen in the durability index of TM 98.12%, SM 97.64%, and SPM 97.35%, respectively. However, these variables did not differ significantly in terms of specific gravity and stack angle. Pellet binders considerably affect the consumption of feed and vary markedly in dry matter, organic matter, and metabolizable energy digestibility. Conclusion: Plant-based pellet binders influence the physical quality and digestibility of pelleted feed in Alabio ducks. TM can maintain physical quality and digestibility compared to SM and SPM as plant-based pellet binders. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 93-99]

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effects of the use of binders on the physical quality and digestibility of Alabio ducks (Anas platyrinchos Borneo). Materials and Methods: Pellet binders used tapioca meal (TM) (Manihot utilissima), sago meal (SM) (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), and sweet potato meal (SPM) (Ipomoea batatas) pelleted feed. Laying Alabio ducks, around 120 birds, aged 20 weeks with an average body weight of 1,426 ± 113.5 gm, were used. A fully randomized design with 4 treatments and 15 repeats was used in this study. The variables measured include the physical quality and digestibility of pellet feed. Data analysis used a Fisher test. For the distinction between treatments, the Duncan multiple-range test was conducted. Results: The finding showed that the plant-based pellet binder had a natural effect on physical properties, including pellet durability index, moisture content, threshold power, stack density, and stack compacted density. The strength of the pellet binder is seen in the durability index of TM 98.12%, SM 97.64%, and SPM 97.35%, respectively. However, these variables did not differ significantly in terms of specific gravity and stack angle. Pellet binders considerably affect the consumption of feed and vary markedly in dry matter, organic matter, and metabolizable energy digestibility. Conclusion: Plant-based pellet binders influence the physical quality and digestibility of pelleted feed in Alabio ducks. TM can maintain physical quality and digestibility compared to SM and SPM as plant-based pellet binders. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(1): 93-99, March 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k752

Objective: In the context of the fast-expanding shrimp farming industry in Sri Lanka, this study aimed to evaluate the distribution and understanding of BMPs, examine the relationship between BMPs and disease outbreaks, and analyze the current antibiotic usage trends through a fact-finding survey. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 131 shrimp farms located in Puttalam District in North Western Province, where shrimp farming is thriving in Sri Lanka. The survey was conducted from September to October 2021. In addition, in August 2022 and August 2023, interviews were conducted with shrimp farms in Puttalam district and Batticaloa district, shrimp hatcheries, and export companies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Probit, and Tobit regression analysis. Results: The item-count technique revealed a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the use of antibiotics without consulting experts, signifying inappropriate use. No aquaculture farmer reported being unaware of BMPs, and among the 45 farmers who attended a BMPs seminar, 30 claimed to possess a good understanding of BMPs. Probit and Tobit regression results revealed that the rate of understanding of BMPs, education level, and obtaining information on the sanitation management of shrimp farming from extension and guidance organizations were inversely associated with both disease incidence in shrimp farming and shrimp discards. Conclusion: Although the use of antibiotics is prohibited in BMPs, the analysis results suggest inappropriate use of antibiotics. The findings indicate that enhanced BMP understanding can reduce disease incidence and shrimp discards, emphasizing the need for incentives to promote BMP adoption and reduce the necessity for antibiotics. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 33-39]

Objective: In the context of the fast-expanding shrimp farming industry in Sri Lanka, this study aimed to evaluate the distribution and understanding of BMPs, examine the relationship between BMPs and disease outbreaks, and analyze the current antibiotic usage trends through a fact-finding survey. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 131 shrimp farms located in Puttalam District in North Western Province, where shrimp farming is thriving in Sri Lanka. The survey was conducted from September to October 2021. In addition, in August 2022 and August 2023, interviews were conducted with shrimp farms in Puttalam district and Batticaloa district, shrimp hatcheries, and export companies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Probit, and Tobit regression analysis. Results: The item-count technique revealed a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the use of antibiotics without consulting experts, signifying inappropriate use. No aquaculture farmer reported being unaware of BMPs, and among the 45 farmers who attended a BMPs seminar, 30 claimed to possess a good understanding of BMPs. Probit and Tobit regression results revealed that the rate of understanding of BMPs, education level, and obtaining information on the sanitation management of shrimp farming from extension and guidance organizations were inversely associated with both disease incidence in shrimp farming and shrimp discards. Conclusion: Although the use of antibiotics is prohibited in BMPs, the analysis results suggest inappropriate use of antibiotics. The findings indicate that enhanced BMP understanding can reduce disease incidence and shrimp discards, emphasizing the need for incentives to promote BMP adoption and reduce the necessity for antibiotics. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(1): 33-39, March 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k744

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of biologically active substances and electrical stimulation of the uterus in cows on the effectiveness of estrus synchronization. Materials and Methods: Ninety (n = 90) Kazakh white-headed cows were synchronized with two injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on days 0 and 9 and prostaglandin F2α on day 7. The cows were divided into six groups and, during the protocol, treated with biologically active substances (Tetramag, Selevetum, antiseptic-stimulator Dorogov 2 fraction, groups 2, 3, and 4). Cows in groups 5 and 6 were treated with the same substances but additionally had electrical stimulation of the uterus, while cows in group 1 were left untreated and served as a control. Results: The results have shown that on Day 0, no differences were observed in E2 concentrations between the groups. However, on the 10th day, a significant disparity was noted in the E2 level among cows in group 6 compared to groups 2, 3, 4, and the control group. Conversely, no significant differences were observed between groups 5 and 6. Likewise, the fertility rate in cows from group 6 was significantly higher compared to groups 2, 3, 4, and the control group, with no significant differences between groups 5 and 6. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the utilization of electrical stimulation of the uterus and the inclusion of certain biological substances during the estrus synchronization protocol demonstrate a positive effect on the reproductive performance of beef cattle in Kazakhstan. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(1.000): 100-106]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of biologically active substances and electrical stimulation of the uterus in cows on the effectiveness of estrus synchronization. Materials and Methods: Ninety (n = 90) Kazakh white-headed cows were synchronized with two injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on days 0 and 9 and prostaglandin F2α on day 7. The cows were divided into six groups and, during the protocol, treated with biologically active substances (Tetramag, Selevetum, antiseptic-stimulator Dorogov 2 fraction, groups 2, 3, and 4). Cows in groups 5 and 6 were treated with the same substances but additionally had electrical stimulation of the uterus, while cows in group 1 were left untreated and served as a control. Results: The results have shown that on Day 0, no differences were observed in E2 concentrations between the groups. However, on the 10th day, a significant disparity was noted in the E2 level among cows in group 6 compared to groups 2, 3, 4, and the control group. Conversely, no significant differences were observed between groups 5 and 6. Likewise, the fertility rate in cows from group 6 was significantly higher compared to groups 2, 3, 4, and the control group, with no significant differences between groups 5 and 6. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the utilization of electrical stimulation of the uterus and the inclusion of certain biological substances during the estrus synchronization protocol demonstrate a positive effect on the reproductive performance of beef cattle in Kazakhstan. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 11(1): 100-106, March 2024 http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2024.k753