This study preformed on 74 samples of marine water fishes (24 of Acanthopagrus lalus, 27 of platycephelus indicus and 23 of Cynoglossus arel). Which collected from north west Arabian Gulf of Basrah. All samples were examined for the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila in muscles. 24 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained, (33.3%) from Acanthopagrus lalus, (44.4%) from platycephelus indicus, and (17.39%) from Cynoglossus arel. Then all isolates were examined for their ability to hemolytic activity as a virulence factor, the higher percentage of hemolytic activity isolates was found in Acanthopagrus lalus

This study was designated to evaluate some external and internal characteristics of quail eggs reared in Basrah city. Ten mature female quails were used in the present study. All birds were reared under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions. To assess the egg quality parameters, a total of 100 eggs were randomly collected for 20 days. The values related to egg weight, shape index, shell weight, shell ratio , shell thickness, egg length, Egg width, Shell index and shell surface area (cm2) are found respectively as 7.041, 79.590, 0.973, 14.193, 0.307, 2.825, 2.245, 13.044 and 8.205. The internal traits as albumen index, albumen height, albumen weight, albumen ratio, albumen width, Albumen length, albumin average, yolk diameter, yolk height, yolk weight, yolk index, yolk ratio and Yolk : Albumen ratio are found respectively as 12.056, 3.204, 2.5, 35.515, 2.308, 3.058, 2.683, 2.195, 3.983, 2.591, 17.601, 36.746 and 1.120.

Fifty samples of white cheese were collected from 3 different local market of Basra city AL-basra, (15), AL-ashar(20) and AL-jumhurya(15 ) samples respectively, After being examined by culturing on MSA media , the results reveal thate 53.33% , 50% , and 13.33% of Staph aureus were isolate from white chees respectively . Depending on the biotyping , the percentage of biotype A Staphylococcus aureus was 90% and biotype C was 10% . Antibiotic sensitivety test showed that 55% ,55% , 45% , 35% of isolates were more sensitive to Erythromycin Chloramphenicol Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin respectively

The in vitro study was compared the antibacterial activity of green tea and black tea extracts against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Green tea extract was found to have higher antimicrobial activity on MRSA with an inhibition zone of 20 mm at a concentration of 10 gm/100 ml. For black tea extract, the inhibition zone was 15 mm at same concentration .The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the green tea and black tea were 4mg/ml and 8mg/ml respectively. The in vivo study of the antimicrobial effect of both green and black tea was investigated, by subcutaneous inoculation of four rabbits with MRSA bacteria. After that immediately treated with a series dilution of tested material (green and black tea), the development of swelling and the degree of necrosis were scored. The green tea showed marked reduction in the size of swelling less than 2mm at the concentration of 10mg/ ml; also there is a marked reduction in the severity of necrosis. For black tea a marked reduction occur in the size of swelling (6-10mm) at the concentration of 10mg/100ml; also there is a marked reduction in the severity of necrosis at the same concentration. This study concludes that green and black tea extracts were showed to have an antibacterial activity against MRSA and a therapeutic effect against skin infection caused by MRSA in rabbits

In order to study the otolith (sagitta) of Liza abu (total length ranged 88-120 mm, body weight was from 7 to 9 g) and L. subviridus(total length ranged 155-205 mm, body weight was from 10 to15 g) 20 specimens of each of them were collected from local markets, sagitta was removed from head by making cross section .Some differential characteristics were observed between the two species sagitta in shape of anterior and posterior sides , notch was found in the mid of posterior margin in L.abu, while in L. subviridus the notch locates in posterioventral margin, so sagitta can be used to identify the two species

The study aimed to assess the long-term population dynamics of questing Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis in two landscape zones of the Kruger National Park (KNP). Ticks were collected by dragging the vegetation monthly in three habitats (grassland, woodland and gully) at two sites in the KNP (Nhlowa Road and Skukuza) from August 1988 to March 2002. Larvae were the most commonly collected stage of both species. More R. appendiculatus were collected at Nhlowa Road than at Skukuza, with larvae being most abundant from May to August, while nymphs were most abundant from August to December. Larvae were most commonly collected in the gullies from 1991 to 1994, but in the grassland and woodland habitats from 1998 onwards. Nymphs were most commonly collected in the grassland and woodland. More R. zambeziensis were collected at Skukuza than at Nhlowa Road, with larvae being most abundant from May to September, while nymphs were most abundant from August to November. Larvae and nymphs were most commonly collected in the woodland and gullies and least commonly in the grassland (p < 0.01). The lowest numbers of R. appendiculatus were collected in the mid-1990s after the 1991/1992 drought. Rhipicephalus zambeziensis numbers declined after 1991 and even further after 1998, dropping to their lowest levels during 2002. The changes in numbers of these two species reflected changes in rainfall and the populations of several of their large herbivore hosts, as well as differences in the relative humidity between the two sites over time.

The study aimed to assess the long-term population dynamics of questing Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis in two landscape zones of the Kruger National Park (KNP). Ticks were collected by dragging the vegetation monthly in three habitats (grassland, woodland and gully) at two sites in the KNP (Nhlowa Road and Skukuza) from August 1988 to March 2002. Larvae were the most commonly collected stage of both species. More R. appendiculatus were collected at Nhlowa Road than at Skukuza, with larvae being most abundant from May to August, while nymphs were most abundant from August to December. Larvae were most commonly collected in the gullies from 1991 to 1994, but in the grassland and woodland habitats from 1998 onwards. Nymphs were most commonly collected in the grassland and woodland. More R. zambeziensis were collected at Skukuza than at Nhlowa Road, with larvae being most abundant from May to September, while nymphs were most abundant from August to November. Larvae and nymphs were most commonly collected in the woodland and gullies and least commonly in the grassland (p < 0.01). The lowest numbers of R. appendiculatus were collected in the mid-1990s after the 1991/1992 drought. Rhipicephalus zambeziensis numbers declined after 1991 and even further after 1998, dropping to their lowest levels during 2002. The changes in numbers of these two species reflected changes in rainfall and the populations of several of their large herbivore hosts, as well as differences in the relative humidity between the two sites over time

Little work has been conducted on the helminth parasites of artiodactylids in the northern and western parts of the Limpopo province, which is considerably drier than the rest of the province. The aim of this study was to determine the kinds and numbers of helminth that occur in different wildlife hosts in the area as well as whether any zoonotic helminths were present. Ten impalas (Aepyceros melampus), eight kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), four blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), two black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou), three gemsbok (Oryx gazella), one nyala (Tragelaphus angasii), one bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), one waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), six warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and a single bushpig (Potamochoerus porcus) were sampled from various localities in the semi-arid northern and western areas of the Limpopo province. New host-parasite associations included Trichostrongylus deflexus from blue wildebeest, Agriostomum gorgonis from black wildebeest, Stilesia globipunctata from the waterbuck and Fasciola hepatica in a kudu. The mean helminth burden, including extra-gastrointestinal helminths, was 592 in impalas, 407 in kudus and blue wildebeest, 588 in black wildebeest, 184 in gemsbok, and 2150 in the waterbuck. Excluding Probstmayria vivipara, the mean helminth burden in warthogs was 2228 and the total nematode burden in the bushpig was 80. The total burdens and species richness of the helminths in this study were consistently low when compared with similar studies on the same species in areas with higher rainfall. This has practical implications when animals are translocated to areas with higher rainfall and higher prevalence of helminths.