O objetivo deste estudo foi o de conhecer a devida correspondência entre os sintomas mentais considerados na homeopatia e as várias regiões e estruturas identificáveis no encéfalo dos animais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as sensações e emoções muito primitivas, como medos e fobias, interagem pontualmente com regiões evolutivamente também muito primitivas do cérebro (como amígdala e núcleos septais), enquanto sentimentos “nobres” como afeto e lealdade interagem holisticamente com várias estruturas cerebrais evolutivamente mais recentes, tais como as áreas neocorticais terciárias associativas (área pré-frontal e temporal). No primeiro caso, as manifestações orgânicas são mediadas pelo sistema nervoso autônomo com sinais fisiológicos de taquicardia, elevação da pressão arterial, vasoconstrição periférica, eriçamento de pelos, midríase e secreção de hormônios como adrenalina e cortisol (disfluência comportamental), enquanto na outra situação apontada, eventuais manifestações orgânicas são harmoniosas e serenas (fluência comportamental). O conteúdo de todo o texto do trabalho é indicativo do interesse prático dos dados obtidos para o clínico veterinário homeopata, ressaltando-se nesse contexto a validação do uso de repertórios homeopáticos humanos na clínica veterinária, evidentemente com as devidas precauções sempre balizadas pelo bom senso do profissional.

Improvements in veterinary medicine have resulted in a significant benefit in the life of pets in the last 20 years, and increased pet life expectancy led to an increased prevalence of canine neoplasia. Cancer epidemiology and spatial analysis tools, although well developed for human oncology research, is just beginning to be explored in veterinary oncology. São Paulo city, capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is divided into five regions: North, South, East, West and downtown. The Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (HOVET-SVMAS-USP), is located in the West region of São Paulo, Brazil, and admits cases of small and large animals. Canine mammary tumors are so numerous that they are not routinely treated at the HOVET. The aim of this work was to perform a cartographic study to describe the spatial distribution of prevalent cases of neoplasms in dogs from the HOVET. Of the 3,620 cases seen in 2002 and 2003, 380 cases (10.5%) were of dogs affected with benign and malignant neoplasms. No statistical difference was found for the 380 addresses distributed among the five regions of the city. These results showed that the HOVET receives canine patients from all regions of São Paulo and there is a homogeneous spatial distribution of neoplasms. Authors encourage additional broader studies, involving several veterinary hospitals, clinics or laboratories in order to obtain more accurate data on distribution of canine neoplasms in São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

A glutamina e o aminoácido livre mais abundante no organismo de mamíferos, muito importante para a proliferação celular, metabolismo da amônia e para produção de energia na musculatura esquelética, principalmente durante o exercício aeróbico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar se os níveis séricos de glutamina, amônia e cortisol, em cavalos de enduro, podem ser modelos de estudo da dinâmica deste importante aminoácido durante o exercício, pois estes animais são submetidos a esforço aeróbico prolongado e intenso. Foram utilizados 33 cavalos de enduro que competiram nas categorias de 80 km (n = 13), 120 km (n = 14) e 160 km (n = 5) em quatro provas. Não houve diferença estatística nos níveis de glutamina entre os momentos de coleta (P > 0,05). Houve aumento significativo dos níveis plasmáticos de amônia apos o termino das provas (P < 0,05). Esse aumento foi mais marcado nos cavalos de 80 km, seguido pelos de 120 e por ultimo os de 160 km. Houve correlação positiva entre os níveis de amônia e glutamina nas categorias de 160, 120 e 80 km (r = 0,209, r = 0,151 e r = 0,176, respectivamente; P < 0,05). Oscilações séricas dos níveis de glutamina são difíceis de se detectar em cavalos de enduro, já que as fibras musculares oxidativas são importantes reservatórios desse aminoácido. Ainda, e difícil saber sobre consumo de glutamina dadas as reservas orgânicas e a facilidade de metabolização. A concentração sérica de amônia pode servir como indicador indireto do consumo de glutamina. Assim, concluiu-se que as dosagens de amônia e cortisol podem servir como medidas indiretas da utilização da glutamina durante o exercício aeróbico e ambas como marcadores de esforço.

Foi investigada a ocorrência de leptospiras e de sororreatividade para leptospiras em animais e seres humanos de seis propriedades rurais localizadas em dois biomas brasileiros que apresentam condições geoclimáticas distintas: Pantanal – municípios de Miranda (MS), Itiquira (MT) e Poconé (MT) e Caatinga – municípios de Sobradinho (CE), Garanhuns (PE) e Sobral (BA). Em cada uma das propriedades, foram realizadas colheitas de sangue e de urina de animais selvagens de vida livre, animais domésticos e de seres humanos. As colheitas de materiais foram realizadas no período de fevereiro a abril de 2012 no bioma Caatinga e no período de julho a setembro de 2012 no bioma Pantanal. A reatividade sorológica contra Leptospira spp. foi verificada pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) efetuada com uma coleção de antígenos constituída por 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. A pesquisa de leptospiras foi efetuada por cultivos de amostras de urina semeadas nos meios Fletcher e de Ellinghausen – McCullough – Johnson – Harris (EMJH). Os cultivos em que houve crescimento de leptospiras foram encaminhados ao Laboratório de Leptospirose do Instituto de Patobiologia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuária, Buenos Aires, Argentina e as estirpes de leptospiras isoladas foram genotipadas com o emprego da técnica de Multiple Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). O procedimento de tipificação empregou os VNTR 4, 7, 9, 10, 19, 23, 31, Lb4 e Lb5, que discriminam estirpes de L. interrogans e L. borgpetersenii. No Pantanal, foram examinados 17 animais selvagens, 65 animais domésticos e dois humanos. Na Caatinga, foram examinados sete animais selvagens, 100 animais domésticos e 26 humanos. Das 84 amostras de sangue examinadas no Pantanal, 47 (55,95%) foram reagentes e, das 133 da Caatinga, 59 (44,36%) foram reagentes. Pelo teste exato de Fisher, considerando-se um nível de significância de 0,05, não houve diferença entre as proporções de animais sororreagentes para Leptospira spp. nos dois biomas avaliados (p = 0,063). Os sorovares predominantes nas reações de SAM foram: 1) Pantanal – Bratislava (animais selvagens, cães e humanos); Grippotyphosa (equinos e bovinos); 2) Caatinga – Copenhageni (humanos e cães), Patoc (equinos e bovinos), Panama (ovinos e caprinos), Patoc, Copenhageni e Australis (animais selvagens). Houve isolamento de quatro estirpes de leptospiras: duas em Sobradinho, BA, L. interrogans sorogrupo Pomona em Cavea aperea e L. interrogans em Euphractus sexcinctus; e duas em Sobral, CE, L. interrogans em Cerdocyon thous e L. interrogans sorogrupo Pomona em Euphractus sexcinctus.

The present study aimed to explain the role of additives in alleviation of the negative effect of heat stress on differential leucocytes count, heterophil / lymphocytic ratio with especial studies on the microbial count of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum. A total of 270 day-old (Ross308) broiler chickens randomly divided into 6 groups, which were kept under elevated temperature (34-36◦C) and feed diet containing 1% Nigella Sativa (G2) or a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride (0.3% KCL+ 0.5% NaHCO3) (G3) or 2% coriander seed (G4) or 0.03% Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (G5) or 250 mg of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (G6) for 6 weeks. The previous parameters were recorded after slaughtering to take microbial sample and collecting blood parameters. The results explained that, there was a significant increase lymphocyte percentage in case of G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6. while, there was significant decreases in Heterophil percentage, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), eosinophils percentage, monocytes percentage, jejunum total colony count and caecum total colony in case of (G2, G3, G4, G5), (G6, G2, G3, G4, G5), (G6, G3), (G5; G2), (G3; G2) and (G2, G4) respectively in compared with control group (P<0.05). It could be concluded that black seed and coriander seed have a positive effect on heat stress broiler diet.

This work was proposed to study pathologic characteristics of lumpy skin disease (LSD) among naturally infected cattle and to demonstrate LSDV antigen within different tissues including the skin nodules, regional lymph nodes, lung and liver using PCR and immunohistochemistry. Among the infected cattle, one dairy cattle and 5 calves were dead (mortality rate is 6.97%). The major gross alterations in all investigated cases included numerous 1-5 cm well circumscribed, round cutaneous nodules covered the whole body in most cases with severe enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. The main microscopical changes were severe ballooning degeneration of the epidermis, dermatitis, with severe vasculitis affecting the dermal blood vessels. Multiple intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions were present in degenerated epidermal cells. Several pathological changes were also detected in the liver, lung, kidney, intestine and lymph nodes. Strong positive PCR signals were appeared in skin nodules, lung and lymph node. Additionally, positive immunoperixodiase reaction was demonstrated in the skin, lung, kidney and lymph nodes. Furthermore, LSDV was isolated on chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) of spf embryonated chicken eggs from skin nodules and regional lymph nodes collected from dead animals. Virion particles were observed on CAM by electron microscope. Finally, it could be concluded that skin lesions is a constant lesion in both young and adult animals together with systemic infection in severely infected animals.

Epidemiological reports on vector-borne diseases affecting cattle in the Philippines have been limited. The present study aimed to detect the presence of the Hemoplasma pathogen (Mycoplasma spp.) in dispersal cattle in selected plainlands and marginal uplands in Cebu, Philippines, using peripheral blood smear examination (PBSE) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. A total of 14 cattle were tested. Using PBSE, no inclusion bodies were observed. However, using PCR, 4 out of 14 cattle showed positive results. Results indicate the high sensitivity of the PCR methods in detecting Mycoplasma spp. than that of the PBSE. The present study adds new information on the biodiversity of vector-borne pathogens in cattle in Cebu, Philippines, and is the first report of detection in the country.

This experiment was done to determine the effect of swimming deprivation on drinking behaviour, feather pecking behavior, feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live body weight, slaughter weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage, serum corticosterone, triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) of Muscovy ducks. Two groups were used; the first one is the control group fed on basal diet with free access to swimming pond, and the second fed on basal diet without access to swimming pond. The previous parameters were recorded daily or weekly during the experiment or after slaughtering for collecting blood parameters. The results explained that, there was an insignificant decrease in drinking behavior and significant increase in feather pecking. However, there was an insignificant decrease in feed consumption, live body weight, feed conversion, weight gain, dressing percentage, liver weight and serum corticosterone level. There was an insignificant decrease in T3 and T4 level and significant increase in feather pecking behaviour. It could be concluded that, swimming deprivation at the end of the fattening period of ducks had an adverse effect on some duck behaviors but it have no significant effect on improvement of performance parameters and carcass characters.

The adverse effects of organophosphate dimethoate on testis morphology, luteinizing hormone (LH) cells structure and hormonal assay of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were examined. Adult male tilapia, average body weight 150.0±23.3 g, were exposed to environmentally relevant (0.03 mg/L-1) and sublethal (5.00 mg/L-1) doses of dimethoate for 15 and 30 days. Fish exposed to 0.03 mg/L-1 dimethoate exhibited significant decrease in the serum LH. While, 5.00 mg/L-1 dimethoate revealed significant increase in serum LH. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) displayed significant increase in 5.00 mg/L-1group exposed for 15 days. However, a significant reduction was observed in 0.03 mg/L-1group exposed for 30 days. Histological structure of the testes of the control tilapia showed numerous spermatogenic cysts; lumina filled with spermatozoa and little interstitial tissue. Fish exposed to dimethoate for 15 days showed scarcely spermatozoa, narrow seminiferous tubules and increase in the interstitial connective tissue. After 30 days, 5.00 mg/L-1 exposed fish showed progressive reduction of spermatozoa, empty tubules and a degenerative cell debris in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Immunohistochemically, the LH cells were localised in proximal parse distalis of the tilapia adenohypophysis. LH cells were isolated, clustered or formed cord of cells surrounding the neurohypophyseal branches. In dimethoate exposed fish, LH cells displayed a reduction in size and mass distribution in the adenohypophysis. The cytoplasm of the LH cells were vacuolated and showing the sings of degeneration. The changes appeared in testicular structures and LH cells of the O. niloticus were in a dose and time-dependent manner. Based on these observations, sublethal or environmentally relevant concentrations of dimethoate exhibited an endocrine disruptive action at pituitary-testicular axis of Nile tilapia that might lower its reproductive potential.

This study was aimed to detect and record the clinical and ultrasonographic findings of the different complications resulted from the foreign bodies lodged in the compound stomach of cattle and buffaloes. A total of 105 animals (37 cattle and 68 buffaloes) were subjected to study. Based on the clinical and ultrasonographic examination, animals were classified into; acute local reticuloperitonitis (ALRP) (15 cattle and 28 buffaloes), chronic local reticuloperitonitis (CLRP) (6 cattle and 14 buffaloes), acute diffuse reticuloperitonitis (ADRP) (5 cattle and 3buffaloes), reticular abscesses (RA) (4 cattle and 7 buffaloes), traumatic pericarditis (TP) (6 cattle and16 buffaloes) and liver abscess (one cattle). Results revealed that ALRP represented the highest percentage of 40.5% in cattle and 41.2 % in buffalos between the different complications of TRP. TP represented the second complications of higher incidence (16.2% in cows and 23.5% in buffalos). Liver abscess represented the lowest percentage (2.8%) and was recorded in cows only. The pregnant animals were affected more than the non pregnant. Clinical findings represented in systemic reaction and pain tests were commonly encountered in TRP and its complications. Some of the affected animals were negatively respond to metal detector test. Results of the present study indicated that the ultrasonographic examination provide a specific echogenic pattern for the different complications of TRP. It was concluded that, clinical examination only is not efficient to give accurate diagnosis of foreign body lodged in the reticulum and rumen and their complications. Ultrasonography is a safe, non invasive diagnostic confirmatory method that could be used for early detection of such conditions.