Purpose. Studying variety samples of winter triticale of various ecological and geographical origin for revealing polymorphism of the culture for its susceptibility to pathogenic complex of Fusarium head blight and defining high-yielding and resistant to diseases varieties that later can be put into the production and breeding process. Methods. Field experiments, statistical evaluation. Results. It was defined that the development of Fusarium head blight in different variety samples of winter triticale depends on the hydrothermal conditions and genotype of the host-plant. Resistance of varieties and hybrids to the disease was partial, and no immune samples were found among the analyzed ones. The following varieties proved to be tolerant to Fusarium head blight: ‘Granat’, ‘Zorro’, ‘Obrii Myronivskyi’. The positive correlation between the development of Fusarium head blight and root rot of winter triticale was found. It was determined that in the pathogenic complex of Fusarium head blight the amount of the following pathogens is increasing: Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. аvenaceum and F. poae. Conclusions. The leading varieties that combine high yields and resistance to Fusarium head blight are as follows: ‘Obrii Myronivskyi’, ‘ADM 8’, ‘Yuvileine Volynske’, ‘Yukon’, ‘Zorro’, ‘Tsekad 90’, ‘Zerniatko’, ‘Legion’ and ‘Rarytet’. These varieties should be involved in the selection process to breed the hybrids with the augmented resistance to the disease and high yields.

Purpose. Analysis of hexaploid triticale breeding process for drought resistance through the use of systemic ecological tests in contrasting conditions. Methods. Dialectical, field, laboratory and statistical ones. Results. Medium-grown (‘Amos’, ‘Nikanor’, ‘Rarytet’, ‘Yaroslava’) and low-stem (‘HAD 69’, ‘HAD 86’, ‘HAD 110’, ‘Timofei’) multiline varieties of winter and alternate hexaploid triticale were developed with higher adaptability, potential yield of 9–12 tons per ha and high bread-making properties. Among the most drought resistant genotypes, such varieties as ‘Amos’, ‘Buket’, ‘Harne’, ‘Markiian’, ‘Kharroza’, ‘Shalanda’, ‘Nicanor’ and ‘Yaroslava’ showed high values of yield, plasticity and stability. Conclusions. The use of interspecific hybridization instead of intergeneric one in hexaploid triticale breeding, together with systemic testing of the hybrid material in contrasting agro-ecological zones, ensured the creation of multiline competitive varieties with an optimal combination of yield and adaptive properties

Purpose. Determination of the possibility to diffe­rentia­te triticale samples by starch grain size and identify samples with a minimum size of granules that have a significant positive correlation with the efficiency of the starch transformation into ethanol. Methods. Light mic­roscopy of grinded triticale grains. Results. Analysis of the starch granule size in triticale samples was performed. The minimum average granule size was observed in line Kc-270/14 (23.78 µm), maximum one – in line KR-110/14 (28.06 µm). The size of starch granules in a soft winter wheat variety ‘Tsvit Kalyny’ was 24.2 µm that was within the values typical for winter triticale varieties and lines. The size of the majority of granules ranged from 15 to 35 µm, but their distribution was uneven in the studied lines. Conclusions. Considerable polymorphism of winter triticale for the starch granule size was established. It was found that the minimum average size of starch granules was observed in the samples characterized by minimum maximum size of granules, low frequency of granules of more than 35 µm, and therefore, minimum dispersion. Based on this, assumption can be made about the possibility to evaluate a sample for the presence of granules larger than 35 µm that can significantly reduce the number of measurements and speed up analysis.

State and prospects of growing for Triticale crop at the territory of leading states of the world are highlighted across space and time. Observing the trend of changes in planting acreage and the product yield of wheat and rye hybrids, their popularity in agrarian and industrial fields of a whole range of countries in Asia, Northern and Southern America, Australia, a Ukrainian manufacturer is invited to consider and reasonably assess this crop and thus list in the composition of planted acreage the national nowadays varieties of triticale as an essential or strategic system component.

Purpose. Analysis of the process of hexaploid triticale breeding for winter hardiness by intraspecific hybridization method using systemic ecological tests under contrasting conditions. Methods. Dialectical investigation, field experiments, laboratory testing and statistical evaluation. Results. The results of breeding winter and alternate triticale varieties possessing a complex of valuable traits by the method of intraspecific hybridization of forms of different types of development using systemic ecological tests under contrasting conditions (Forest-Steppe – extremely arid Steppe) and at low temperatures were presented. During the years of research (1980–2005), 18 varieties were developed and transferred to the state testing, 17 of them were registered. Conclusions. Thus, the effective selection of highly productive genotypes with increased and high winter hardiness is possible from populations obtained by crossing hexaploid triticale of different types of development (winter triticale with spring and alternate ones) and contrasting level of frost and winter hardiness. During the period of 1980–2015, medium-tall and dwarf varieties of winter (‘Amfidyploid 256’, ‘Garne’, ‘Kharroza’, ‘Rarytet’, ‘Timofey’, etc.) and alternate (‘Nikanor’, ‘Yaroslava’, ‘Plastun Volynskyi’) triticales were developed. They are superior to the standard varieties of soft winter wheat for the critical temperature of freezing by -0.5...- 2.0 °C, characterized by increased (up to 9–12 t/ha) grain yield of various quality depending on the purpose of use.

Purpose. To analyze the level of cross-resistance of obtained salt- and osmotolerant cell lines and plants regenerants of winter triticale to osmotic and salt stresses. Methods. Cultures of tissue and organs in vitro, in vitro breeding, biochemical, statistical analysis. Results. It was established that the stability of cross-resistance trait display to saline and osmotic stresses in obtained cell lines of winter triticale was rather high – from 50 to 76% of calli have survived to the end of the sixth passage. It has been shown that despite the presence of sublethal concentrations of the stress-factor (mannitol/sodium chloride) in selective medium, stable cell lines of the triticale actively continued to grow and accumulate biomass. It was found that in the line ‘38/1296’ cell lines 5L/sl and 5L/os respectively were the most resistant to osmotic and salt stresses, and lines 1C/s1 and 1C/os respectively in the ‘Obrii’ variety, since they had the highest percent of living calli and biomass increment under the selective conditions and their plant regenerant – the highest level of survival after the impact of the abiotic stressors complex. The salt-resistant cell lines of both genotypes of winter triticale as compared to the control were also characterized by significantly higher free proline content under the selective factors impact. The results obtained may indicate that the cell lines and triticale plant regenerants have a genetically determined trait of resistance to stress factors. Conclusions. Verification of traits of resistance to abiotic stressors has shown a significantly high level of cross-tolerance of the obtained cell lines of both triticale genotypes for saline and osmotic stresses. Resistance to saline and osmotic stresses of cells separated in vitro was preserved in induced plants and at the organism level has increased tolerance to abiotic environmental factors. It is shown that due to the general non-specific mechanisms of resistance, the capacity of the callus cultures of triticale to resist to one abiotic stressor can lead to increased tolerance for another one.

Purpose. To conduct in vitro screening of different genotypes of winter triticale for resistance to salinity in the shoot apical meristem culture. Methods. Plant tissue culture in vitro, in vitro breeding, statistical analysis. Results. It was found that the increase of sodium chloride concentration from 0.6 to 1.5% resulted in inhibition of the callus culture growth in all genotypes that was indicative of the toxic effect of the stress factor. It turns out that 1.2% sodium chloride concentration allowed to differentiate triticale genotypes for salt tolerance. The line ‘38/1296’ appeared to be the most resistant to salinity stress because under breeding conditions calli of this genotype were characterized by higher morphogenetic potential, had the highest crude mass increase, and plants-regenerants were obtained only from explants of this line after cultivation on the medium containing 1.5% sodium chloride. The ‘ADM 11’ variety was the most sensitive to saline stress as mass necrosis and lack of regenerative ability in its calli were observed under breeding conditions. In the studied forms, genotypic dependence of morphogenesis processes in vitro culture was registered. From the induced calli, plants-regenerants were obtained, and their completion of growing, root development and transfer to in vivo conditions were optimized. Conclusions. Genotypic response to salinity stress in the culture of shoot apical meristems of winter triticale was expressed by various crude mass increase and different morphogenetic potential on exposure to a stress factor. The line ‘38/1296’ can be used as a valuable material for further breeding of winter triticale. The culture of shoot apical meristems is recommended to apply as a test system for screening of triticale genotypes for resistance to salinity stress

Purpose. To find out the ecological importance of winter triticale varieties in the formation of species diversity of agro-ecosystems. Methods. Field, laboratoryones and mathematical and statistical analysis. Results. The authors studied ecological importance of winter triticale varieties of forest-steppe and Polissia ecotopes as determinants of agrobiocenosis in the structural and functional organization of species diversity. It was found that less favourable ecological niche for pests-phytophags is such winter triticale varieties and lines as ‘Slavetne’, ‘AD 256’, ‘Chaian’, ‘DAU 5’, for epiphytoparasites – ‘Vivate Nosivske’, ‘Pshenychne’, ‘Slavetne polipshene’, ‘Slavetne’, ‘Yaguar’, respectively. It is determined that varieties and lines of winter triticale such as ‘AD 256’, ‘Vivate Nosivske’, ‘Pshenychne’, ‘Slavetne polipshene’, ‘Slavetne’ show high biological ability to compete with synanthropic vegetation and form distinct associations of segetal plants. Conclusions. It was found that agrophytocenoses of the studied varieties of winter triticale under the conditions of forest-steppe, Polissia-forest-steppe and Polissia ecotops determined in movements structural and functional organization of species diversity of agroecosystems.

Мета. Аналіз практики найменувань гібридів між пшеницею та житом.Результати. Кожний ботанічний таксон у певних межах може мати лише одну правильну назву, яка є найранішою і відповідає правилам Міжнародного кодексу ботанічної номенклатури для водоростей, грибів та рослин. Для гібридів Secale × Triticum такою назвою є ×Triticosecale. Людвіґ Віттмак ефективно оприлюднив цю назву 1899 року, опублікувавши в матеріалах наукового товариства. Публікація не містила вказівок на латинські назви батьківських родів, тому назва стала дійсно оприлюдненою лише в 1927 році, коли цей недолік було виправлено Емі Камю. Інші назви (×Triticale, ×Tritisecale, ×Secalotricum, ×Secalotriticum) поступаються пріоритетом ×Triticosecale, бо оприлюднені пізніше і тому є надлишковими. Проте назва Triticale значно поширилась і стала загальною назвою для нової культури – тритикале. В українській та російській фаховій літературі термін тритикале використовується контроверсійно, як слово чоловічого, жіночого або середнього роду, тому назви сортів узгоджуються з різними граматичними родами. Селекціонери успішно провели прямі і зворотні схрещування декількох видів пшениці і жита, надавши гібридам тритикале численних латинських назв. Багато з цих назв формально подібні до видових, але, як правило, не відповідають вимогам номенклатурного кодексу і є незаконними. Лише декілька із запропонованих назв є дійсно оприлюдненими, але вони не набули поширення в агрономічній практиці. Тим часом практика надавання створеним гібридам тритикале нових незаконних назв, які не відповідають номенклатурним вимогам, триває, що збільшує плутанину.Висновки. Згідно з правилами української мови слово тритикале граматично належить до середнього роду. Воно позначає нову польову культуру, яка має нотородову назву ×Triticosecale. Переважна більшість запропонованих селекціонерами назв видового і підвидового рівня для тритикале не відповідають вимогам Міжнародного кодексу ботанічної номенклатури для водоростей, грибів та рослин. Для упорядкування сортового розмаїття тритикале варто застосовувати рекомендації Міжнародного кодексу номенклатури культурних рослин, який регулює назви сортів та їхніх сукупностей. | Цель. Анализ практики наименования гибридов между пшеницей и рожью.Результаты. Каждый ботанический таксон в определенных границах может иметь только одно правильное название, которое является самым ранним и соответствует нормам Международного кодекса ботанической номенклатуры для водорослей, грибов и растений. Для гибридов Secale × Triticum таким названием является ×Triticosecale. Людвиг Виттмак эффективно обнародовал это название в 1899 году, опубликовав в материалах научного общества. В публикации не было указаний на латинские названия родительских родов, поэтому название стало действительно обнародованным только в 1927 году, когда этот недостаток был исправлен Эми Камю. Прочие названия (×Triticale, ×Tritisecale, ×Secalotricum, ×Secalotriticum) уступают приоритетом Triticosecale, так как обнародованы позже и являются излишним. Однако, название Triticale стало широко распространенным и является общим названием для новой культуры – тритикале. В украинской и русской специализированной литературе термин тритикале используется контроверсионно как слово мужского, женского или среднего рода, поэтому названия сортов согласуются с различными грамматическими родами. Селекционеры успешно провели прямые и обратные скрещивания нескольких видов пшеницы и ржи, дав гибридам тритикале многочисленные латинские названия. Многие из этих названий формально похожи на видовые названия, но, как правило, не отвечают требованиям номенклатурного кодекса и являются незаконными. Лишь некоторые из предложенных названий действительно обнародованы, но они не получили широкого распространения в агрономической практике. В то же время по-прежнему практикуется присвоение созданным гибридам тритикале новых незаконных названий, которые не отвечают номенклатурным требованиям, что увеличивает путаницу.Выводы. Согласно правилам украинского языка слово тритикале грамматически относится к среднему роду. Оно обозначает новую полевую культуру, имеющую нотородовое название ×Triticosecale. Большинство предложенных селекционерами названий видового и подвидового уровня для тритикале не отвечают требованиям Международного кодекса ботанической номенклатуры для водорослей, грибов и растений. Для упорядочивания сортового разнообразия тритикале стоит применять рекомендации Международного кодекса номенклатуры культурных растений, которые регулируют названия сортов и их совокупностей. | Purpose. The analysis of wheat and rye hybrids naming.Results. Each botanical taxon, within certain limits, has to be of one correct name, which is initial and in the line with the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature for algae, mushrooms and plants. For Secale × Triticum hybrids, this name is ×Triticosecale. In 1899 Ludwig Wittmack introduced the name Triticosecale publishing it in the materials of the scientific society in Berlin. The publication did not contain references to the Latin names of parental genera, so this name became valid only after publication in 1927, when this disadvantage was corrected by Amy Camus. Other names (×Triticale, ×Tritisecale, ×Secalotricum, ×Secalotriticum) are of secondary priority to ×Triticosecale, as they were published later and therefore are superfluous. Nevertheless, the name Triticale has become widespread and is a common name for a new crop - triticale. In the Ukrainian and Russian specialized literature, the term triticale is used controversially as words of masculine, feminine or neuter genders, so the variety names are of different grammatical genders. The breeders successfully implemented direct and reciprocal crossing of several species of wheat and rye, giving many Latin names for triticale hybrids. Many of these names are formally similar to species names, but usually do not meet the requirements of the nomenclature code and are illegal. Only some of the proposed names are published, but they are not widely used in agronomic practice. At the same time, assigning illegal names to the new triticale hybrids that do not meet nomenclature requirements and increases confusion is still practiced.Conclusions. According to the Rules of the Ukrainian language, the word triticale relates to the neuter grammar gender. It represents a new field crop and is the Ukrainian conformity to the nothogeneric name ×Triticosecale. Most species and sub-species names proposed by breeders for triticale do not meet the requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature for algae, mushrooms and plants. For ordering the varietal diversity of triticale names, it is worthwhile to apply the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, which standardizes the names of varieties and their groups.

Purpose. To create and study genotypes of the secondary triticale of the hexaploid level for their effective use in further breeding and plant growing. Methods. Field study, laboratory analyses, intraspecific hybridization with subsequent individual selection. Results. New genotypes of the secon­dary triticale of the hexaploid level have been created and characterized for economic characters and agroecological traits and properties. Series of short-stem winter triticale was represented by ‘Pshenychne’, ‘Chaian’ to be adapted to the conditions of both intensive and organic farming. They are characterized by high drought resistance and winter hardiness, resistance to lodging, grain shedding, grain germination in the spike and spike fragility as well as by immunity to fungal diseases providing a high level of yield and technological quality of grain. The following new constant forms of triticale as ‘ПС_1-12’, ‘ПС_2-12’, ‘ПС_3-12’, that have an average height of the stem and belong to the Polissia-Forest-Steppe and Forest-Steppe ecotypes, demonstrated high productivity and adaptability in organic farming, particularly in case of the use of biologized elements of agrotechnology. Conclusions. For the creation a new parent material during breeding of hexaploid triticale, the method of intraspecific hybridization is desirable with the use of parent material to be contrasting for eco-geographical origin and adapted local forms, followed by individual selection of genotypes with the desired characteristics and properties in cleavable hybrid populations. New genotypes of the secondary triticale have been created and characterized for breeding, genetic and agroecological traits and properties. In breeding practice, it is advisable to use a whole new approach of agroecological and genetic certification of genotypes for the effective solution of a number of theoretical and practical tasks facing modern ecological and adaptive breeding. New parent material of the secondary winter triticale and scientific support for its cultivation is proposed for further breeding and plant growing.