Once previous industrial activity has ceased, brownfields are found in urban and suburban environments and managed in different ways ranging from being left untouched to total reconversion. These situations apply to large surface areas often impacted by residual diffuse pollution. Though significant and preventing any sensitive use, residual contamination does not necessarily require treatment. Moreover, conventional treatments show their technical and economic limits in these situations and gentle remediation options such as phytomanagement might appear more relevant to the management of those sites. Thus, these sites face up two major issues: managing moderate contamination levels and providing an alternative use of economic interest. This work proposes to assess a management strategy associating the phytoremediation of organic pollution along with the production of biomass for energy generation production. A 16-week controlled growth experiment was conducted on a soil substrate moderately impacted by multiple pollution (trace elements, mainly Zn and Pb, and hydrocarbons), by associating rhizodegradation with Medicago sativa or biomass production with Robinia pseudoacacia or Alnus incana in monocultures. The effect of a microbial inoculum amendment on the performances of these treatments was also evaluated. Results showed total hydrocarbons (TH), and to a lesser extent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), concentrations decreased over time, whatever the plant cover. Good biomass production yields were achieved for both tree species in comparison with the control sample, even though R. pseudoacacia seemed to perform better. Furthermore, the quality of the biomass produced was in conformity with the thresholds set by the legislation concerning its use as a renewable energy source.

International audience | Once previous industrial activity has ceased, brownfields are found in urban and suburban environments and managed in different ways ranging from being left untouched to total reconversion. These situations apply to large surface areas often impacted by residual diffuse pollution. Though significant and preventing any sensitive use, residual contamination does not necessarily require treatment. Moreover, conventional treatments show their technical and economic limits in these situations and gentle remediation options such as phytomanagement might appear more relevant to the management of those sites. Thus, these sites face up two major issues: managing moderate contamination levels and providing an alternative use of economic interest. This work proposes to assess a management strategy associating the phytoremediation of organic pollution along with the production of biomass for energy generation production. A 16-week controlled growth experiment was conducted on a soil substrate moderately impacted by multiple pollution (trace elements, mainly Zn and Pb, and hydrocarbons), by associating rhizodegradation with Medicago sativa or biomass production with Robinia pseudoacacia or Alnus incana in monocultures. The effect of a microbial inoculum amendment on the performances of these treatments was also evaluated. Results showed total hydrocarbons (TH), and to a lesser extent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), concentrations decreased over time, whatever the plant cover. Good biomass production yields were achieved for both tree species in comparison with the control sample, even though R. pseudoacacia seemed to perform better. Furthermore, the quality of the biomass produced was in conformity with the thresholds set by the legislation concerning its use as a renewable energy source.

In the study, we have analysed the impact of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) on fine root biomass and the associated level of bioacumulation heavy metals in fine roots under alder plantings (Alnus incana, A. glutinosa and A. viridis) growing on technosols developed from combustion wastes and extremely poor quaternary sands excavated by sand mining. The control sites were located in natural habitats in the Bieszczady Mountains within the natural range of the occurrence of the investigated alder species. Results showed that the bioaccumulation index of heavy metals in the alder roots depended on technosol properties, in particular, pH and texture, and, to a lesser extent, on the total content of heavy metals in soil. Additionally, it was found that in some concentration ranges, Pb and Cr had a stimulating effect on the growth of fine roots.

In the study, we have analysed the impact of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) on fine root biomass and the associated level of bioacumulation heavy metals in fine roots under alder plantings (Alnus incana, A. glutinosa and A. viridis) growing on technosols developed from combustion wastes and extremely poor quaternary sands excavated by sand mining. The control sites were located in natural habitats in the Bieszczady Mountains within the natural range of the occurrence of the investigated alder species. Results showed that the bioaccumulation index of heavy metals in the alder roots depended on technosol properties, in particular, pH and texture, and, to a lesser extent, on the total content of heavy metals in soil. Additionally, it was found that in some concentration ranges, Pb and Cr had a stimulating effect on the growth of fine roots. | Bioaccumulation index, Mine soils, Heavy metals, Lead, Cadmium | 70 | 1-10 | 12

Combustion wastes are characterised by extremely low N contents. Therefore, introduction of nitrogen-fixing species at the first stage of their biological reclamation is required. This paper presents an assessment of the growth parameters of alders (Alnus sp.) 10 years after their introduction to a disposal site of lignite combustion waste in Central Poland. Black (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alders (Alnus incana) were planted directly in the combustion waste. The soil amendment included three variants: control with pure combustion waste, admixture of lignite culm and addition of acid sand. Both alder species displayed good growth parameters comparable to those of alders in natural habitats. However, black alder had better growth parameters, such as stand density index (SDI), diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) than grey alder. The lignite amendment exerted a positive effect on tree growth, reflected in a higher SDI and H, whereas the acid sand amendment did not affect any of the growth parameters of the studied alder species. Despite the good growth parameters, the measured N:P and N:K ratios in the alder leaves largely differed from the optimal values indicating insufficient P and K supply at the combustion waste disposal site. This may pose a threat to further development of the introduced tree plantings. The introduction of alders along with the lignite addition into the planting holes seems to be a successful method of combustion waste revegetation.

Combustion wastes are characterised by extremely low N contents. Therefore, introduction of nitrogen-fixing species at the first stage of their biological reclamation is required. This paper presents an assessment of the growth parameters of alders (Alnus sp.) 10 years after their introduction to a disposal site of lignite combustion waste in Central Poland. Black (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alders (Alnus incana) were planted directly in the combustion waste. The soil amendment included three variants: control with pure combustion waste, admixture of lignite culm and addition of acid sand. Both alder species displayed good growth parameters comparable to those of alders in natural habitats. However, black alder had better growth parameters, such as stand density index (SDI), diameter at breast height (DBH) and height (H) than grey alder. The lignite amendment exerted a positive effect on tree growth, reflected in a higher SDI and H, whereas the acid sand amendment did not affect any of the growth parameters of the studied alder species. Despite the good growth parameters, the measured N:P and N:K ratios in the alder leaves largely differed from the optimal values indicating insufficient P and K supply at the combustion waste disposal site. This may pose a threat to further development of the introduced tree plantings. The introduction of alders along with the lignite addition into the planting holes seems to be a successful method of combustion waste revegetation. | Fly ash, Lignite, Alders, Revegetation | 30 | 17091-17099 | 17

Floods control greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in floodplains; however, there is a lack of data on the impact of short-term events on emissions. We studied the short-term effect of changing groundwater (GW) depth on the emission of (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) in two riparian grey alder (Alnus incana) stands of different age in Kambja, southern Estonia, using the opaque static chamber (five replicates in each site) and gas chromatography methods. The average carbon and total nitrogen content in the soil of the old alder (OA) stand was significantly higher than in the young alder (YA) stand. In both stands, one part was chosen for water table manipulation (Manip) and another remained unchanged with a stable and deeper GW table. Groundwater table manipulation (flooding) significantly increases CH₄emission (average: YA-Dry 468, YA-Manip 8,374, OA-Dry 468, OA-Manip 4,187 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and decreases both CO₂(average: OA-Dry 138, OA-Manip 80 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) and N₂O emissions (average: OA-Dry 23.1, OA-Manip 11.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹) in OA sites. There was no significant difference in CO₂and CH₄emissions between the OA and YA sites, whereas in OA sites with higher N concentration in the soil, the N₂O emission was significantly higher than at the YA sites. The relative CO₂and CH₄emissions (the soil C stock-related share of gaseous losses) were higher in manipulated plots showing the highest values in the YA-Manip plot (0.03 and 0.0030 % C day⁻¹, respectively). The soil N stock-related N₂O emission was very low achieving 0.000019 % N day⁻¹in the OA-Dry plot. Methane emission shows a negative correlation with GW, whereas the 20 cm depth is a significant limit below which most of the produced CH₄is oxidized. In terms of CO₂and N₂O, the deeper GW table significantly increases emission. In riparian zones of headwater streams, the short-term floods (e.g. those driven by extreme climate events) may significantly enhance methane emission whereas the long-term lowering of the groundwater table is a more important initiator of N₂O fluxes from riparian gley soils than flood pulses.

International audience | Floods control greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in floodplains; however, there is a lack of data on the impact of short-term events on emissions. We studied the short-term effect of changing groundwater (GW) depth on the emission of (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in two riparian grey alder (Alnus incana) stands of different age in Kambja, southern Estonia, using the opaque static chamber (five replicates in each site) and gas chromatography methods. The average carbon and total nitrogen content in the soil of the old alder (OA) stand was significantly higher than in the young alder (YA) stand. In both stands, one part was chosen for water table manipulation (Manip) and another remained unchanged with a stable and deeper GW table. Groundwater table manipulation (flooding) significantly increases CH4 emission (average: YA-Dry 468, YA-Manip 8,374, OA-Dry 468, OA-Manip 4,187 μg C m−2 h−1) and decreases both CO2 (average: OA-Dry 138, OA-Manip 80 mg C m−2 h−1) and N2O emissions (average: OA-Dry 23.1, OA-Manip 11.8 μg N m−2 h−1) in OA sites. There was no significant difference in CO2 and CH4 emissions between the OA and YA sites, whereas in OA sites with higher N concentration in the soil, the N2O emission was significantly higher than at the YA sites. The relative CO2 and CH4 emissions (the soil C stock-related share of gaseous losses) were higher in manipulated plots showing the highest values in the YA-Manip plot (0.03 and 0.0030 % C day−1, respectively). The soil N stock-related N2O emission was very low achieving 0.000019 % N day−1 in the OA-Dry plot. Methane emission shows a negative correlation with GW, whereas the 20 cm depth is a significant limit below which most of the produced CH4 is oxidized. In terms of CO2 and N2O, the deeper GW table significantly increases emission. In riparian zones of headwater streams, the short-term floods (e.g. those driven by extreme climate events) may significantly enhance methane emission whereas the long-term lowering of the groundwater table is a more important initiator of N2O fluxes from riparian gley soils than flood pulses.