Microplastic pollution has received considerable attention in marine systems, but recent work shows substantial plastic pollution also occurs in freshwater ecosystems. Most freshwater research has focused on large rivers and lakes, but small streams are the primary interface between land, where plastic is used, and drainage networks. We examined variation in the amount and form of plastic occurring in small streams spanning an urbanisation gradient. All streams contained microplastics with concentrations similar to that found in larger systems (up to 303 particles m−3 in water and 80 particles kg−1 in sediment). The most abundant types were fragments and small particles (63–500 μm). Chemical types of plastic were quite variable and often not predictable based on size, form and colour. Variation in microplastic abundance across streams was high, but only partially explained by catchment scale parameters. There was no relationship between human population density or combined stormwater overflows and microplastic abundance. Residential land cover was related to microplastic abundance, but explanatory power was low. Our results suggest local-scale factors may be more important than catchment-scale processes in determining microplastic pollution in small streams.

It is widely understood that microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the marine environment yet less is known about MP abundance in freshwater rivers, particularly those of the western United States. This study documents MP pollution along the Snake River (∼1735 km) and from its confluence with the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Grab and plankton net samples (mesh size 100 μm) were collected from the top 25 cm of surface water every 80.5 river km. MPs were identified if they met visual criteria and were verified with the hot needle test. A small representative subset of MPs from the net samples (16.7%) were selected based on appearance for micro-Raman spectroscopy in effort to provide examples of polymer types found in this study. Seventy-five percent of grab samples and 92.8% of net samples contained MPs, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 5.405 MP L−1 and 0 to 0.014 MP L−1 (0 to 13.7 MP m−3), respectively. The majority of fragments, films and beads were between 100 μm and 333 μm. This study identifies potential hotspots of MP pollution along the Snake and Lower Columbia rivers and prioritizes areas where more intensive sampling is needed. Sites with low flow or those further down river had higher numbers and the top two hotspots were located in areas with low population density but high agricultural use. Monitoring MP abundance in freshwater systems is important for establishing baseline levels of MP pollution and can direct laboratory toxicology studies in using more environmentally relevant concentrations for a better indication of how MP pollution affects ecosystems.

Here we evaluated the potential for trace metal accumulation of two parasitic species, Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda) and Phyllodistomum sp. (Digenea), found parasitizing Hoplias malabaricus, a characiform fish also known as trahira, collected from two neotropical rivers, Jacaré-Pepira and Jacaré-Guaçú, in southeastern Brazil. Fish were collected between July 2017 and July 2019, totaling 90 fish specimens analyzed, 45 from each river. From fish, we take samples of three different tissues: muscle, intestine and liver. Along with the parasite samples taken from fish hosts, tissue samples were analyzed by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) for obtaining the trace metal (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Cd e Pb) concentrations. All elements were found in statistically higher concentrations in the parasites, both nematodes and digeneans, than in the host tissues, but in comparison, was observed that Hysterothylacium sp. had higher concentrations than those obtained in Phyllodistomum sp. We also found that uninfected fish had statistically higher concentrations of metals than infected ones. And in those who are infected, the size of the parasitic infrapopulations correlated negatively with the concentrations of trace metals obtained in the hosts tissues, that is, the concentrations in fish showed a tendency to decrease as the parasitic infrapopulations increased, or vice versa. In addition, our results show that the influence of the parasitic infrapopulations on metal concentrations in the fish host is not affected in cases of mono-infection or co-infection.

Previous studies on plastic pollution of aquatic ecosystems focused on the world's oceans. Large rivers as major pathways for land-based plastic litter, has received less attention so far. Here we report on plastic quantities in the Austrian Danube. A two year survey (2010, 2012) using stationary driftnets detected mean plastic abundance (n = 17,349; mean ± S.D: 316.8 ± 4664.6 items per 1000 m−3) and mass (4.8 ± 24.2 g per 1000 m−3) in the river to be higher than those of drifting larval fish (n = 24,049; 275.3 ± 745.0 individuals. 1000 m−3 and 3.2 ± 8.6 g 1000 m−3). Industrial raw material (pellets, flakes and spherules) accounted for substantial parts (79.4%) of the plastic debris. The plastic input via the Danube into the Black Sea was estimated to 4.2 t per day.

Buoyant microplastic pollution disperses widely from sources via strong wind-driven water currents in lakes and oceans. This ability for dispersal depends critically upon the particle's density, which can change over time due to microbial growth (biofilm). This study quantifies biofilm-induced sinking rates of irregularly-shaped polypropylene granules (~125–2000 μm) via ex-situ experiments emulating a Great Lakes freshwater environment. Biofilm development increases particle density and lowers microplastic rise velocities, eventually causing sinking. We observed sinking for 100% of small and intermediate microplastics, and 95% of large microplastics. Under constant environmental conditions, sinking onset was observed sooner for smaller particles (~125–212 μm, 18 days) than for larger particles (~1000–2000 μm, 50 days). Differences in settling onset would lead to size-fractionation of particle sedimentation, whereby smaller particles are deposited closer to their sources relative to larger particles. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which buoyant microplastics can selectively sink from the lake surface.

We model three-dimensional motion of plastic pollution in Lake Erie due to advection, density-driven sinking, and turbulent mixing using a Lagrangian transport model to explore the distribution of plastic in the water column and sediment. Nine polymer types that make up over 75% of predicted worldwide plastic waste were modeled, and the model keeps track of particles that hit the bottom to represent deposition. Modeled spatial distributions are compared with samples from the surface to calibrate the model and derive estimates for the mass of plastic in the lake volume and the flux of plastic into the sediment. The mass estimate of 381 ± 204 metric tons is two orders of magnitude larger than previous surface estimates, though still a fraction of predicted yearly input. The results are a step towards closing the plastic mass balance in Lake Erie as well as understanding the transport of plastic into the sediment.