L’azote, si cher à nos campagnes

Nitrogen (N) is an input essential to agriculture which produces plant but also animal proteins. N cycle is a biological complex cycle, with biological fixation converting atmospheric unreactive di-nitrogen into many reactive nitrogen forms (Nr), essential for life. Nr forms are implicated in many transformations in air, water and soil, as well as within living organisms, until recovering to the N2 form through denitrification. These natural processes were amplified by the development of industrial husbandry and the massive use of N industrial fertilizers, making N expensive for forffarmers. Furthermore, its management in agriculture and its low efficiency in plant production and even more in animal production lead to losses to the environment. The most mediatized one is nitrate lixiviation with its impacts on water quality. N losses to atmosphere have become a matter of concern for the French public authorities since about twenty years, for their impacts on greenhouse balance (nitrous oxide N2 0), air quality and ecosystems and biodiversity (ammonia NH3 , and nitrogen oxides NOx). The costs of abatement strategies are more or less amortized thanks to the profits realized in economy (N expenses in agriculture) and for society (human health, global changes…). | L’azote (N) est un intrant indispensable à une agriculture productrice de protéines végétales mais surtout animales. Le cycle de l’azote est un cycle biogéochimique complexe, dont l’essentiel des entrées dans la biosphère est constitué par la fixation biologique. Toutes les formes d’azote chimiquement et biologiquement actives constituent l’azote dit réactif. Il l’eau et le sol, ainsi qu’au sein des êtres vivants, allant jusqu’au retour à sa forme diazote par la dénitrification. Ces processus naturels ont été amplifiés par le développement de l’élevage industriel et le recoursmassif aux engrais industriels azotés. Or l’azote coûte cher financièrement aux agriculteurs, et sa gestion en agriculture génère des rejets vers l’environnement liés aux faibles rendements d’utilisation de l’azote par les végétaux et surtout par les animaux. Les rejets les plus médiatisés sont les nitrates, avec les impacts sur la qualité des eaux. Les pertes vers l’atmosphèrepréoccupent les pouvoirs publics français depuis une vingtaine d’années, du fait de leurs impacts sur le réchauffement global de l’atmosphère (protoxyde d’azote, N2 0) mais aussi sur la qualité de l’air (ammoniac NH3 , et oxydes d’azote NOX). Les parades pour réduire les émissions de ces polluants et gaz à effet de serre ont également un coût, plus ou moins amorti selon lescomposés émis et/ou les postes émetteurs concernés grâce aux bénéfices économiques (poste azote en agriculture) et sociaux (santé humaine, changements globaux…) réalisés.

This study aims to investigate the effects of long-term nicosulfuron residue on an herbicide factory ecosystem. High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the environmental microbial community structure and interactions. The results showed that the main contributor to the differences in the microbial community structure was the sample type, followed by oxygen content, pH and nicosulfuron residue concentration. Regardless of the presence or absence of nicosulfuron, soil, sludge, and sewage were dominated by groups of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Long-term exposure to nicosulfuron increased alpha diversity of bacteria and archaea but significantly decreased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Acidobateria compared to soils without nicosulfuron residue. A total of 81 possible nicosulfuron-degrading bacterial genera, e.g., Rhodococcus, Chryseobacterium, Thermomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Bacillus, were isolated from the nicosulfuron factory environmental samples through culturomics. The co-occurrence network analysis indicated that the keystone taxa were Rhodococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Nitrospira, Terrimonas, and Nitrosomonadaceae_MND1. The strong ecological relationship between microorganisms with the same network module was related to anaerobic respiration, the carbon and nitrogen cycle, and the degradation of environmental contaminants. Synthetic community (SynCom), which provides an effective top-down approach for the critical degradation strains obtained, enhanced the degradation efficiency of nicosulfuron. The results indicated that Rhodococcus sp. was the key genus in the environment of long-term nicosulfuron exposure.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly released into the aquatic environments because of their extensive use in consumer products and industrial applications. Some researchers have explored the toxicity of AgNPs to nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles, but little is known about the role of aquatic plants in regulating the impact of AgNPs on these biogeochemical processes and related microorganisms. Here, two 90-day pot experiments were conducted to determine the effect of AgNPs on denitrification rates and greenhouse gas emissions in riparian wetland soils, with or without emergent plants (Typha minima Funck). As a comparison, the toxicity of equal concentration of AgNO₃ was also determined. The results showed that AgNPs released a great quantity of free Ag⁺, most of which was accumulated in soils, while little (less than 2%) was absorbed by plant shoots and roots. Both AgNPs and AgNO₃ could increase the soil redox potential and affect the growth and nutrient (N and phosphorus) uptake of plants. In soils with plants, there was no significant difference in denitrification rates and emissions of N₂O and CH₄ between control and AgNPs or AgNO₃ treatments at all tested concentrations (0.5, 1 and 10 mg kg⁻¹). However, low levels of AgNPs (0.5 mg kg⁻¹) significantly enhanced CO₂ emission throughout the experiment. Interestingly, in the absence of plants, a high dosage (10 mg kg⁻¹) of AgNPs generally inhibited soil denitrification and stimulated the emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in the short-term. Meanwhile, the abundance of key denitrifying genes (nirS and nirK) was significantly increased by exposure to 10 mg kg⁻¹ AgNPs or AgNO₃. Our results suggest that emergent plants can alleviate the short-term negative effects of AgNPs on N and C cycling processes in wetland soils through different pathways.

Natural processes and human activities play a crucial role in changing the nitrogen cycle and increasing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, which are accelerating at an unprecedented rate. N₂O has serious global warming potential (GWP), about 310 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. The food production, transportation, and energy required to sustain a world population of seven billion have required dramatic increases in the consumption of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers and fossil fuels, leading to increased N₂O in air and water. These changes have radically disturbed the nitrogen cycle and reactive nitrogen species, such as nitrous oxide (N₂O), and have impacted the climatic system. Yet, systematic and comprehensive studies on various underlying processes and parameters in the altered nitrogen cycle, and their implications for the climatic system are still lacking. This paper reviews how the nitrogen cycle has been disturbed and altered by anthropogenic activities, with a central focus on potential pathways of N₂O generation. The authors also estimate the N₂O–N emission mainly due to anthropogenic activities will be around 8.316 Tg N₂O–N yr⁻¹ in 2050. In order to minimize and tackle the N₂O emissions and its consequences on the global ecosystem and climate change, holistic mitigation strategies and diverse adaptations, policy reforms, and public awareness are suggested as vital considerations. This study concludes that rapidly increasing anthropogenic perturbations, the identification of new microbial communities, and their role in mediating biogeochemical processes now shape the modern nitrogen cycle.

Ammonia (NH₃) volatilized from soils plays an important role in N cycle and air pollution, thus it is important to trace the emission source and predict source contributions to development strategies mitigating the environmental harmful of soil NH₃ volatilization. The measurements of ¹⁵N natural abundance (δ¹⁵N) could be used as a complementary tool for apportioning emissions sources to resolve the contribution of multiple NH₃ emission sources to air NH₃ pollution. However, information of the changes of δ¹⁵N–NH₃ values during the whole volatilization process under different N application rates are currently lacking. Hence, to fill this gap, we conducted a 15-day incubation experiment included different urea-N application rates to determine δ¹⁵N values of NH₃ during volatilization process. Results showed that volatilization process depleted ¹⁵N in NH₃. The average δ¹⁵N value of NH₃ volatilized from the 0, 20, 180, and 360 kg N ha⁻¹ treatment was −16.2 ± 7.3‰, −26.0 ± 5.4‰, −34.8 ± 4.8‰, and −40.6 ± 5.7‰. Overall, δ¹⁵N–NH₃ values ranged from −46.0‰ to −4.7‰ during the whole volatilization process, with lower in higher urea-N application treatments than those in control. δ¹⁵N–NH₃ values during the NH₃ volatilization process were much lower than those of the primary sources, soil (−3.4 ± 0.1‰) and urea (−3.6 ± 0.1‰). Therefore, large isotopic fractionation may occur during soil volatilization process. Moreover, negative relationships between soil NH₄⁺-N and NH₃ volatilization rate and δ¹⁵N–NH₃ values were observed in this study. Our results could be used as evidences of NH₃ source apportionments and N cycle.

Excess of water irrigation and fertilizer consumption by crops has resulted in high soil nitrogen (N) losses and underground water contamination not only in China but worldwide. This study explored the effects of soil N input, soil N output, as well as the effect of different irrigation and N- fertilizer managements on residual N. For this, two consecutive years of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) –summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation was conducted with: N applied at 0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, 420 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 600 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under fertigation (DN0, DN420, DN600), and N applied at 0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 600 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under flood irrigation (FN0, FN600). The results demonstrated that low irrigation water consumption resulted in a 57.2% lower of irrigation-N input (p < 0.05) in DN600 when compared to FN600, especially in a rainy year like 2015–2016. For N output, no significant difference was found with all N treatments. Soil gaseous N losses were highly correlated with fertilization (p < 0.001) and were reduced by 23.6%–41.7% when fertilizer N was decreased by 30%. Soil N leaching was highly affected by irrigation and a higher reduction was observed under saving irrigation (reduced by 33.9%–57.3%) than under optimized fertilization (reduced by 23.6%–50.7%). The net N surplus was significantly increased with N application rate but was not affected by irrigation treatments. Under the same N level (600 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), fertigation increased the Total Nitrogen (TN) stock by 17.5% (0–100 cm) as compared to flood irrigation. These results highlighted the importance to further reduction of soil N losses under optimized fertilization and irrigation combined with N stabilizers or balanced- N fertilization for future agriculture development.

One of the strategies to realize a nitrogen cycle society, we attempted to recover ammonium ions from industrial wastewater, especially sewage water with adsorbent materials. We have developed an adsorbent with high ammonium selectivity based on copper hexacyanoferrate and granulated it as pellets. Using a compact column system filled with this granule adsorbent, ammonium ions were recovered from sewage containing 1000–1500 mg-NH₄⁺/L ammonium ions. Despite the coexistence of many metal ions, the adsorbent selectively and stably adsorbed ammonium ions. Furthermore, it was shown that the saturated adsorbent can be regenerated by flowing a potassium ion solution through a column adsorbent to desorb ammonium ions. In other words, the column can be used repeatedly, and there was almost little deterioration in adsorption even after 250 cycles. In addition, it was shown that by increasing the number of stages of this column, it is possible to sufficiently reduce the ammonium in the adsorbent solution and recover the concentrated ammonium solution.

Ecological floating beds (EFBs) have become a superior method for treating secondary effluent from wastewater treatment plant. However, insufficient electron donor limited its denitrification efficiency. Iron scraps from lathe cutting waste consist of more than 95% iron could be used as electron donors to enhance denitrification. In this study, EFBs with and without iron scraps supplementation (EFB-Fe and EFB, respectively) were conducted to explore the impacts of iron scraps addition on nitrogen removal, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and microbial communities. Results showed the total nitrogen (TN) removal in EFB-Fe improved to 79% while that in EFB was 56%. N₂O emission was 0–6.20 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (EFB-Fe) and 1.74–15.2 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ (EFB). Iron scraps could not only improve nitrogen removal efficiency, but also reduce N₂O emissions. In addition, high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that adding iron scraps could improve the sum of denitrification related genera, among which Novosphingobium accounted for the highest proportion (6.75% of PFe1, 4.24% of PFe2, 3.18% of PFe3). Iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-respiring bacteria associated with and nitrate reducing bacteria mainly concentrated on the surface of iron scraps. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) indicated that iron scraps were the key factor affecting microbial community composition. The mechanism of iron scraps enhanced nitrogen removal was realized by enhanced biological denitrification process. Iron release dynamic from iron scraps was detected in bench-scale experiment and the electron transfer mechanism was that Fe⁰ transferred electrons directly to NO₃⁻-N, and biological iron nitrogen cycle occurred in EFB-Fe without secondary pollution.

Microorganisms comprise the bulk of biodiversity and biomass in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. To effectively protect and manage the Antarctic environment from anthropogenic impacts including contamination, the response and recovery of microbial communities should be included in soil remediation efficacy and environmental risk assessments. This is the first investigation into the microbial dynamics associated with large scale bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil in Antarctica. Over five years of active management, two significant shifts in the microbial community were observed. The initial shift at 12–24 months was significantly correlated with the highest hydrocarbon degradation rates, increased microbial loads, and significant increases in alkB gene abundances. ANCOM analysis identified bacterial genera most likely responsible for the bulk of degradation including Alkanindiges, Arthrobacter, Dietzia and Rhodococcus. The second microbial community shift occurring from 36 to 60 months was associated with further reductions in hydrocarbons and a recovery of amoA nitrification genes, but also increasing pH, accumulation of nitrite and a reduction of oligotrophic bacterial species. Over time, the addition of inorganic fertilisers altered the soil chemistry and led to a disruption of the nitrogen cycle, most likely decoupling ammonia oxidisers from nitrite oxidisers, resulting in nitrite accumulation. The results from this study provide key insights to the long-term management of hydrocarbon bioremediation in Antarctic soils.