Globally distributed karstic soils are characterized by the high accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s, such as Cd. Biogeochemistries and transferability of metal(loid)s in such soils are notably different from that in soils of anthropogenic pollution as evidenced by increasing studies about rice and maize. To solve the question about metal(loid) background and transferability in the system of karstic soils and crops with underground fruits, we designedly collected 246 paired soil–peanut seed samples in a world-famous karstic region in Southwestern China covering an area of 98,700 km². The concentrations of eight regulatory metal(loid)s (Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soil samples exceeded current standards to different degrees, demonstrating a typical high background. However, the transferability of metal(loid)s from soils to peanut seeds is quite low, resulting in a low exceedance rate of metal(loid)s (Cd, 12.2% and Pb, 1.2%) in seeds (“seed metal(loid)s”), in accordance with the results that metal(loid)s in soils mostly distributed in the inert/residual fractions. Based on the distinct response characteristics of peanut seed metal(loid)s to soil status from rice/maize grain metals, a model was further developed for effectively predicting the concentration of Cd in peanut seeds. Collectively, this study provides a basis for the assessment of soil environmental quality and safety zoning of upland field in karst areas.

Trace elements contamination is mainly originated from industrial emission, sewage irrigation and pesticides, and poses a threat to the environment and human health. This study analyzed the trace element pollutants in peanut-soil systems, the enrichment and translocation capacity of peanut to trace elements, and the potential risk of trace elements to environment and human health. The results indicated that Cd and Ni in peanut kernels exceeded the standard limits in 2019, and the exceeding rate were 9% and 31%, respectively. Cd in 8% of soil samples and As in 98% of soil samples exceeded the risk screening value of trace elements. The concentration of trace elements in peanuts was related to varieties and planting regions. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of Cd in peanut kernel and its concentration in soil. Compared with other trace elements, peanut kernels had stronger ability to enrich and transport Cd, Cu, and Zn, the BFs were 0.45, 0.51 and 0.47, respectively. After oil extraction, trace elements were mainly concentrated in peanut meal, and only 0.25% of Cd was in oil. The RI of trace elements was less than 150, indicating that the study area was under low degree of ecological risk. However, As and Cd might pose moderate risk to environment. Trace elements in soil and peanut could not cause non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human, but the HI and CR value of As (0.59 and 9.54 × 10⁻⁵) in soil and CRᵢₙg value of Cd (9.25 × 10⁻⁷) in peanut were close to the critical value. We conclude that Cd pollution in peanut kernel, and Cd and As pollution in soil should be monitored to enter into the food chain or environment and to avoid the possible health hazards and environment risks.

Microwave irradiation (MW) is an effective technique in heating and pyrolysis. This study compared the properties of peanut shell-biochars produced using MW and muffle furnace (FN). At the same pyrolysis temperature, MW biochars preserved more biomass (as indicated by their higher yields and higher abundance of functional groups) and possessed larger surface areas due to the high abundance of micropores. MW biochars generally exhibited higher adsorption of carbamazepine (CBZ) and bisphenol A (BPA) than FN biochars. However, their surface area-normalized sorption was lower, suggesting that the inner pores may not be fully available to CBZ and BPA sorption. We observed significant free radical signals in both types of biochars. Although CBZ and BPA did not degrade in the biochar sorption systems, the potential role of stronger free radical signals in MW biochars for organic contaminant control may not be overlooked in studies with other chemicals.

Soil contaminated with toxic heavy metals (THMs) was stabilized by adding a combination of waste resources in 7.0 wt%, including coal-mine drainage sludge, waste cow bone, and steelmaking slag, in the ratio of 5:35:60. Subsequently, corn and peanut were cultivated in treated soil to investigate the effects of the waste resources on THM mobility in soil and translocation to plants. Sequential extraction procedures (SEP) was used to analyze mobile phase THMs which could be accumulated in the plants. SEP shows that mobile Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As were reduced by 8.48%, 29.22%, 18.85%, 21.66%, 4.58%, 62.78%, and 20.01%, respectively. The bioaccumulation of THMs was clearly hindered by stabilization; however, the increment in the amount of immobile-phase THMs and change in the amount of translocated THMs was not proportional. The corn grains grown above the soil surface were compared with the peanut grains grown beneath the soil surface, and the results indicating that the efficiency of stabilization on THM translocation may not depend on the contact of grain to soil but the nature of plant. Interestingly, the results of bioaccumulation with and without stabilization showed that the movement of some THMs inside the plants was affected by stabilization.

The growth, development and functioning of legumes are often significantly affected by exposure to tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution. However, surprisingly little is known about how leguminous Nitrogen (N) fixation responds to ozone, with a scarcity of studies addressing this question in detail. In the last decade, ozone impacts on N-fixation in soybean, cowpea, mung bean, peanut and clover have been shown for concentrations which are now commonly recorded in ambient air or are likely to occur in the near future. We provide a synthesis of the existing literature addressing this issue, and also explore the effects that may occur on an agroecosystem scale by predicting reductions in Trifolium (clovers) root nodule biomass in United Kingdom (UK) pasture based on ozone concentration data for a “high” (2006) and “average” ozone year (2008). Median 8% and 5% reductions in clover root nodule biomass in pasture across the UK were predicted for 2006 and 2008 respectively. Seasonal exposure to elevated ozone, or short-term acute concentrations >100 ppb, are sufficient to reduce N-fixation and/or impact nodulation, in a range of globally-important legumes. However, an increasing global burden of CO2, the use of artificial fertiliser, and reactive N-pollution may partially mitigate impacts of ozone on N-fixation.

Both soil microbial nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) immobilization and denitrification are carbon (C)-limited; however, to what extent organic C addition may increase NO₃⁻-N immobilization while stimulate denitrification nitrogen (N) loss remains unclear. Here, ¹⁵N tracing coupled with acetylene inhibition methods were used to assess the effect of adding glucose, wheat straw and peanut straw on NO₃⁻-N immobilization and denitrification under aerobic conditions in an upland soil, in which NO₃⁻-N immobilization has been previously demonstrated to be negligible. The organic C sources (5 g C kg⁻¹ soil) were added in a factorial experiment with 100, 500, and 1000 mg N kg⁻¹ soil (as K¹⁵NO₃) in a 12-d laboratory incubation. Microbial NO₃⁻-N immobilization in the 12-d incubation in the three N treatments was 5.5, 7.7, and 8.2 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively, in the glucose-amended soil, 5.9, 4.2, and 2.4 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively, in the wheat straw-amended soil, and 4.9, 5.1 and 4.4 mg N kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively, in the peanut straw-amended soil. Therefore, under sufficient NO₃⁻-N substrate, the higher microbial NO₃⁻-N immobilization in the glucose than in the crop residue treatments was likely due to the slow decomposition of the latter that provided low available C. The ¹⁵N recovery in the N₂O + N₂ pool over the12-day incubation was <2% for all treatments, indicating negligible denitrification N loss due to low denitrification rates in the aerobic incubation in spite of increasing C availability. We conclude that external C addition can enhance microbial NO₃⁻-N immobilization without causing large N losses through denitrification. This has significant implications for reducing soil NO₃⁻-N accumulation by enhancing microbial NO₃⁻-N immobilization through increasing C inputs using organic materials and subsequently mitigating nitrate pollution of water bodies.

This work evaluated the debromination and uptake of ¹⁴C-labeled BDE-209 in rice cultivars grown in anoxic soil for 120 days (d) followed by cultivation of vegetables (peanut, eggplant and pepper) in oxic soil (120 d). Degradation of BDE-209 to lower polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) occurred in cultivated soils, and more metabolites were released in oxic soil than in anoxic soil. The crop rotation from anoxic to oxic greatly enhanced the dissipation of BDE-209 in the soil (P < 0.05), in which the dissipation in anoxic soil planted with Huanghuazhan (HHZ, indica) and Yudao 1 (YD1, indica) were 6.8% and 2.4%, respectively, while in oxic soil with peanut and pepper were increased to 25.8% and 21.7%, respectively. The crop rotation also enhanced the degradation of BDE-209 in the soil, the recovered BDE-209 in soil after 120 d anoxic incubation with YD1 was 81.1%, but it decreased to 47.8% and 45.8% after another 120 d oxic incubation. Bioconcentration factors were between 0.23 and 0.36 for rice, eggplant and pepper but reached to 0.5 in peanut, which contains more lipids in the edible portion than the other test crops. The estimated daily intake for vegetables was 0.01–0.07 μg BDE-209-equivalent kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹, which is at least two orders of magnitude below the maximum acceptable oral dose (7 μg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹). Our work confirms that crop rotation from rice to vegetable enhanced the dissipation and debromination of BDE-209 in the soil, and indicate that sequential anoxic-oxic rotation practice is considered to be effective in remediation of environmental pollutants.

Solar energy will assist in lowering the price of fossil fuels. The current research is based on a study of a solar dryer with thermal storage that uses water and waste engine oil as the working medium at flow rates of 0.035, 0.045, and 0.065 l/s. A parabolic trough collector was used to collect heat, which was then stored in a thermal energy storage device. The system consisted of rectangular boxes containing stearic acid phase change materials with 0.3vol % Al₂O₃ nanofluids, which stored heat for the waste engine oil medium is 0.33 times that of the water medium at a rate of flow of 0.035 l/s which was also higher than the flow rates of 0.045 and 0.065 l/s. The parabolic trough reflected solar radiation to the receiver, and the heat was collected in the storage medium before being forced into circulation and transferred to the solar dryer. At a flow rate of 0.035 l/s, the energy output of the solar dryer’s waste engine oil medium and water was determined to be roughly 12.4, 14, and 15.1, and 9.8, 10.5, and 11.5 times lower than the crops output of groundnut, ginger, and turmeric, respectively. The energy output in the storage tank and the drying of groundnut, ginger, and turmeric crops with water and waste engine oil medium at varied flow rates of 0.035, 0.045, and 0.065 l/s were studied. Finally, depending on the findings of the tests, this research could be useful in agriculture, notably in the drying of vegetables.

Biochars from two different feedstocks (peanut shell-PB; wheat straw-WB) were used in this study to understand the sorption mechanisms of atrazine (ATR), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), and phenanthrene (PHEN) to help minimize the bioavailability of the organic pollutants in the environment. Sorption isotherms of ATR, EE2, and PHEN by WB and PB biochars followed the Freundlich model where the sorption parameter (n) shows the trend: ATR > EE2 and PHEN, while the sorption capacity (log K ₒc) increases from ATR < EE2 < PHEN and indicate that the most hydrophobic and planar organic pollutant (PHEN) is the most easily adsorbed organic compound on PB and WB. The higher H/C and (O + N)/C ratios of WB (0.099 and 0.525, respectively) suggest its stronger aliphaticity and polarity than PB (0.078 and 0.352, respectively) that induced stronger sorption affinity for ATR and PHEN. Higher specific surface area (m² g⁻¹) of PB (19.7) may be responsible for the higher sorption capacity for EE2 than WB (8.8) because it can accommodate the large molecule of EE2. Results from this study may be helpful to predict the bioavailability of organic pollutants when soils contaminated with pollutants are remediated with biochars produced from wheat straw and peanut shells.

Irrigation water scheduling is crucial to make the most efficient use of ever-decreasing water. As excessive irrigation decreases yield, while imprecise application also causes various environmental issues. Therefore, efficient management of irrigation frequency and irrigation level is necessary to sustain productivity under limited water conditions. The objective of the current study is to assess the water productivity at various irrigation regimes during peanut crop growing seasons (2014 and 2015) in Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. The field experiments were conducted with treatments consisting of three irrigation frequencies (IF) (IF₁: 25 mm; IF₂: 50 mm; and IF₃: 75 mm of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE)), and four irrigation water levels (WL₁ = 0.50, WL₂ = 0.75, WL₃ = 1.0, and WL₄ = 1.25). WL₁, WL₂, WL₃, and WL₄ treatments received 50, 75, 100, and 125 of cumulative pan evaporation. The CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model was calibrated with experimental data in 2014 and evaluated with second-year experimental data (2015). The model simulated seed yield and final biomass (dry matter) reasonably well with low normalized root mean square error (RMSEₙ) in various irrigation intervals. The model simulated reasonably well for days to anthesis (RMSE = 2.53, d-stat = 0.96, and r² = 0.90), days to physiological maturity (RMSE = 2.55), seed yield (RMSE = 1504), and tops biomass dry weight at maturity (RMSE = 3716). Simulation results indicated good agreement between measured and simulated soil water content (SWC) with low RMSEₙ values (4.0 to 16.8% in 2014 and 4.3 to 18.2% in 2015). Further results showed that IF₂I₁₂₅ irrigation regime produced the highest seed yield. Generally, model evaluation performed reasonably well for all studied parameters with both years’ experimental data. Results also showed that the crop model would be a precision agriculture tool for the extrapolation of the allocation of irrigation water resources and decision management under current and future climate.