Environmentally friendly products are the need of the hour, particularly in this pandemic situation because synthetic products need such toxic chemicals for their formulation and finishing which are carcinogenic for the globe. The current study is the utilization of waste black tea leaf (BT)–based tannin brown natural colorant for silk dyeing using microwave treatment. Dye (tannin) has been isolated in various media before and after microwave treatment up to 6 min and applied at various conditions. It has been found that 30 mL of aqueous extract of 3.0 pH obtained from 6.0 g of powder containing 3.0 g/100 mL of salt as an exhausting agent after microwave treatment for 5 min, when employed at 55 °C for 45 min, has given good color yield onto silk. Iron (3%) and acacia extract (2%) as pre-chemical and bio mordant, iron (2%) and pomegranate extract (2%) as post chemical and bio-mordant, and Al (3 %) and pomegranate extract (3%) as meta chemical and bio-mordant have given new shades with good to excellent fastness ratings. It is inferred that waste black tea leaves (BTs) in an aqueous medium have an excellent potential to serve as a source of natural tannin brown dye for the coloration of surface-modified silk fabrics under the influence of cost, energy, and time-effective microwave treatment. Additionally, the utilization of a low amount of sustainable chemical and bio-mordants has valorized the dyeing of silk by developing soothing and sustainable shades with good fastness properties.

Several materials have been investigated for the adsorption of olive mill wastewater phenolic compounds. However, researchers have focused on the development of novel, low-cost, with high adsorption capacity adsorbents, originated from the food industry as by-products. The aim of this work was the investigation of the effectiveness of a juice industry by-product, pomegranate seed, for the adsorption of olive mill wastewater phenols. Furthermore, chemical activation and thermal activation of the adsorbent took place in order to improve total phenols uptake and afterwards, desorption process in hydrochloric acid was studied. After the determination of equilibrium time, the effects of temperature (20–60 °C), solution’s pH (4.0–8.0), initial sorbate concentration (50–500 mg/L), sorbent mass concentration (0.01–0.05 g/mL OMW), and sorbent particle size (0.149–1.180 mm) on adsorption yield were studied performing batch experiments. The maximum phenols uptake observed was 92.8% after 10 min, at 30 °C and a pH of 5.0, with an initial sorbate concentration of 162.5 mg/L, a sorbent mass concentration of 0.02 g/mL, and a sorbent particle size of 0.922 mm. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were developed for the equilibrium description, while pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were applied to investigate adsorption kinetics. The experimental data were best fitted to the Langmuir model, whereas the kinetic data followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results of the study were promising indicating that pomegranate seed could be used as a novel and low-cost biosorbent. Graphical abstract

In many countries, water supplies are limited and must be managed for different uses. Providing additional resources for irrigation can be an expensive option, with an unsustainable impact on small farms and on the environment. Therefore, the main efforts should concentrate on the optimal management of existing water resources, paying particular attention to the adequate management of water demands. In Italy, the majority of scattered smallholder farmers are not provided with enough information on how to correctly manage water for irrigation. This paper presents the developing of a web-based irrigation decision support system adaptable and scalable to individual farms. The irrigation advisory service has been calibrated and validated for pomegranate trees, aubergine, and zucchini through 2 years of tests, in a farm in Southern Italy (Calabria). The results are very satisfactory, both in terms of water resources management for irrigation, and for the feedback provided by the farmers involved in the project. Future development regarding the application of wireless technology in smart irrigation is also evaluated.

The effects of a composite polyphenolic-rich extract (CPRE) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilisation, growth performance, excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and methane emission were studied in growing buffaloes. Four herbal dry extracts prepared from Acacia arabica (babul; bark), Acacia catechu (cutch; bark), Punica granatum (pomegranate; peel) and Eugenia jambolana (Indian blackberry; seeds) were mixed in an equal proportion (1:1:1:1) to prepare the CPRE that contained mainly phenolic compounds (146 g/kg), flavonoids (41.7 g/kg) and saponins (40.5 g/kg). First, in vitro tests were performed for ruminal fermentation and feed degradability using ruminal fluid as inocula and CPRE at 0 to 40 g/kg substrate to decide an optimal dose of CPRE for an in vivo study on buffaloes. In the animal study, 20 buffaloes were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 10)—a control diet and a CPRE diet (control diet added with extra 20 g/kg of CPRE). The in vitro tests suggested that addition of CPRE at 20 g/kg substrate increased degradability of substrate, short-chain fatty acid concentration and propionate proportion, and reduced methane production, acetate proportion, acetate:propionate ratio and ammonia concentration in fermentation media, which were also noted in the rumen of buffaloes. Feeding CRPE to buffaloes did not affect feed intake, but increased daily body weight gain, dry matter and crude protein digestibility and nitrogen and phosphorus retention in the body. Total bacteria, methanogens and protozoal numbers were similar between two groups, but Fibrobacter succinogenes increased in the rumen of buffaloes fed CPRE. Concentrations of total, essential, non-essential and glucogenic amino acids were greater in the plasma of CPRE-fed buffaloes. Cell-mediated immune response improved in the CPRE-fed buffaloes compared with the control group. Estimated methane production and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus per unit of body weight gain decreased in the CPRE group. The comprehensive results of this study clearly suggested that the composite polyphenol-rich feed additive at 20 g/kg diet improved growth performance, ruminal fermentation, immunity and plasma amino acids profile, whereas it reduced indicators of environmental impacts of buffalo production.

Adsorption is a promising alternative due to the good treatment efficiency for the removal of recalcitrant compounds, particularly if the adsorbent is inexpensive and readily available. This study focuses on the elimination of the pesticide acetamiprid by adsorption onto activated carbon (AC) prepared from a pomegranate bark (PB) biomass using different activation methods. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of operational factors like the adsorbent dose, initial pH, contact time, and temperature; synthetic water polluted by acetamiprid at several concentrations was used. H₃PO₄ used as activation agent gives the best removal efficiency with an abatement of 59% at neutral pH (~ 6.5). As expected, the performance increases with increasing the adsorbent dose and decreasing the acetamiprid concentration until 0.5 g L⁻¹ and 30 mg L⁻¹ respectively. Equilibrium isotherms have been analyzed by using the Langmuir and Freundlich models, which elucidate the acetamiprid uptake on activated carbon throughout the studied concentration range and fit well the experimental data. This study clearly shows that the activated carbon synthetized from pomegranate bark is an attractive alternative to the commercially available adsorbent for the removal of BPA from aqueous solution.

The persistence of combination formulation of fluopyram 200 + tebuconazole 200–400 SC was evaluated across different agro-climates in India for the management of fungal diseases in two commercially important fruit crops, mango and pomegranate. The residues were extracted using quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method and quantification was done on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The fungicide degradation followed 1st-order kinetics and the half-lives were 2.9–6.4 days for mango, and 3.5–7.4 days for pomegranate for both the fungicides. On the basis of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) maximum residue limit (MRL) calculation, 1.0 mg kg⁻¹ MRL was obtained for fluopyram while for tebuconazole, it was 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ on mango, at the pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 5 days. For pomegranate, the respective MRLs were 1.0 mg kg⁻¹ and 0.7 mg kg⁻¹ at PHI of 7 days. The dietary risk assessment study indicated that % acceptable daily intake (% ADI) and % acute reference dose (% ARfD) were much lower than 100; thus, the application of fluopyram and tebuconazole on mango and pomegranate is unlikely to present public health concern.

Sustainability in the utilization of products in all fields particularly food textiles, solar cells, etc. is of prime concern to the global community. In this study, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as a source of herbal-based coloring agent for cotton dyeing has been explored under the influence of ultrasonic (US) waves. Methanolic extract of licorice bark after US treatment for 20 min has shown excellent color depth (K/S) onto ultrasonically treated cotton fabric at 65°Cfor 45 min. Applying bio-mordants, it has been found that acacia extract (1%), henna (5%), and pomegranate and turmeric extracts (7%) as pre-bio-mordant, whereas acacia, turmeric, and henna extracts (7%) and pomegranate extract (5%) as post-bio-mordants, exhibited superb color strength. Salts of Al (7%) and salts of Fe (3%) as pre chemical mordants, while salts of Al (3%) and salts of Fe (5%) as post chemical mordants, have given good results. Overall, it has been found that salt of Fe (3%) as pre-chemical mordant and extract of turmeric (7%) as post bio-mordant have shown superb color strength. It can be concluded that US treatment being an environmentally safe means has only improved the color strength of colorant onto cotton fabric and the adding of bio-mordants has contrived the method more sustainable.

The present study aims to extract a natural reddish brown colorant from Peepal (Ficus religiosa) for silk dyeing using the microwave radiation process (MW). The colorant was isolated in aqueous and acidic media, and MW treatment for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min has been given to both fabric and extract to observe changes in color intensity. The dye variables have been optimized, and for sustainable shade making process with good fastness, 1.0–5.0 g/100 mL of sustainable chemical and bio-mordants has been employed. It has been found that after microwave treatment for 3 min, under selected conditions, the irradiated aqueous extract has given high color intensity onto silk fabric. The utilization of 3% of Al, 4% of Fe, and 2% of tannic acid (T.A.) as pre chemical mordant whereas 4% of Al, 4% of Fe, and 3% of tannic acid as post chemical mordant have given good color characteristics. In comparison, 4% of acacia and 3% of turmeric and pomegranate while 3% of acacia and turmeric and 4% of pomegranate extracts as post-bio-mordant have given excellent color characteristics. It is concluded that MW treatment has an excellent sustainable efficacy to isolate colorant from Peepal bark for silk dyeing, whereas the inclusion of bio-mordants has not only made the process more sustainable and environmental friendly but also best K/S, and L*a*b* values have been acquired.

The rapid expansion of urban areas and industrial units has put much strain on natural environments and biodiversity. Quantifying the impact of human pressures on avian biodiversity is vital for the identification, preservation, and restoration of important areas. Here, data collected in 11 coastal Mediterranean oases were used to assess the impact of urban and industrial landscapes and habitat structure on the richness of breeding birds. Results of generalized linear mixed models analyses showed a quadratic effect of distance to the industrial complex on breeding bird richness, being optimal (6.41 ± 0.89) at 24 km. The results also showed a negative effect of the cover of urban areas. Our analysis also emphasized the importance of southern oases for breeding bird richness mostly because of their remoteness from the industrial complex and their significant coverage of fruit trees and natural ground cover. Variation partitioning analysis revealed that the shared fraction of industrial landscape, oasis habitat structure, and space was relevant in explaining the richness of breeding birds. It is highly recommended to (i) uninstall the Gabès industrial complex from this Mediterranean area, (ii) enhance the habitat quality in southern oases by planting other fruit trees, such as pomegranate and olive, and (iii) pursue scientific research in these Mediterranean coastal oases, as they offer a good opportunity for assessment and improvement of knowledge on both the impact of industrialization on quality of habitats and the richness of bird species.

Pomegranate peel was investigated as biosorbent to remove uranium as well as thorium from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions (concentration, counter ions, temperature). The material was used in raw and modified form after treatment with acidic and alkaline solutions to increase its sorption capacity. Isotherms were obtained at pH 4 and Cᵢₙᵢₜᵢₐₗ: 5–300 mg L⁻¹ for uranium and at pH 3 and Cᵢₙᵢₜᵢₐₗ: 5–100 mg L⁻¹ for thorium, respectively. The equilibrium data of the sorption study, which were adapted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models, indicated enhanced sorption efficiency (115 and 80 mg g⁻¹ for uranium and thorium). Furthermore, kinetic and thermodynamic data as well as investigation by FTIR, XRD, and SEM revealed the complex sorption mechanism that can be explained by a combination of physical sorption accompanied by surface precipitation.