Metal concentrations (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ba, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in conventional and organic produce were assessed, specifically, five most-consumed vegetables from the US including potato, lettuce, tomato, carrot and onion. They were from four representative supermarkets in a college town in Florida. All vegetables contained detectable metals, while As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ba are toxic metals, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are nutrients for humans. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ba in five vegetables were 7.86, 9.17, 12.1, 44.8 and 410 μg/kg for organic produce, slightly lower than conventional produce at 7.29, 15.3, 17.9, 46.3 and 423 μg/kg. The mean concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn in five vegetables were 3.86, 58.5, 632, and 2528 μg/kg for organic produce, comparable to conventional produce at 5.94, 68.2, 577, and 2354 μg/kg. For toxic metals, the order followed tomato < lettuce < onion < carrot < potato, with root vegetables being the highest. All metals in vegetables were lower than the allowable concentrations by FAO/WHO. Health risks associated with vegetable consumption based on daily intake and non-carcinogenic risk based on hazard quotient were lower than allowable limits. For the five most-consumed vegetables in the US, metal contents in conventional produce were slightly greater than organic produce, especially for Cd and Pb.

Field crops represent one of the highest contributions to dietary metal exposure. The aim of this study was to develop specific regression models for the uptake of metals into various field crops and to compare the usability of other available models. We analysed samples of potato, hop, maize, barley, wheat, rape seed, and grass from 66 agricultural sites. The influence of measured soil concentrations and soil factors (pH, organic carbon, content of silt and clay) on the plant concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) and plant-specific metal models (PSMM) developed from multivariate regressions were calculated. The explained variability of the models was from 19 to 64% and correlations between measured and predicted concentrations were between 0.43 and 0.90. The developed hop and rapeseed models are new in this field. Available models from literature showed inaccurate results, except for Cd; the modelling efficiency was mostly around zero. The use of interaction terms between parameters can significantly improve plant-specific models.

Although microplastic pollution in the soil environment is currently an important research topic, few studies have focused on farmland soil in arid regions. This study investigated the abundances, sizes, polymer compositions, and forms of microplastics across nine agricultural plots cultivated with maize, sunflower, and potato (three of each crop) plants to determine the influences of different cropping characteristics and agricultural practices. The study area was within the arid region of the Ulungur River basin in Qinghe County, Altay, Xinjiang, China. The main forms of microplastics were fragments and fibers, and polyethylene was the dominant polymer (91.6%). The microplastic abundance ranged from 11 347 items/kgdw to 78 061 items/kgdw (mean of 52 081.7 items/kgdw). The abundance and proportion of microplastics with a diameter of <0.2 mm were significantly higher in the sunflower and maize plots (i.e., tall crops) than in the potato plots (i.e., short crops) (p < 0.05). This is due to straw residues affecting the migration and recovery of the mulch. The abundance and fragmentation of microplastics were significantly higher in the sunflower and maize plots where plastic mulch was extensively used because these tall crops anchored the mulch near their stem–root systems. The mulch was then slowly aged (e.g., via wind erosion) before being fragmented due to agricultural practices (e.g., mechanical plowing and residue retention). Although microplastics sourced from mulch are probably immobilized by straw residues in the short term, fragile and easily broken pieces of mulch are eventually released into the soil due to agricultural practices. The findings suggest that different cropping characteristics can affect the abundance and fragmentation of microplastics in agricultural soils, even within the same region, and thus the level and type of microplastic pollution. Traditional plastic mulch should be replaced with biodegradable mulch to reduce microplastic pollution in agricultural fields.

It is a common practice to maintain soil fertility based on the paddy-upland rotation with green manure in the subtropical region of China. However, rare studies are known about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the paddy-upland rotation with green manure incorporation. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment of two years to compared with the effect of two kinds of green manure (CV: Chinese milk vetch and OR: Oilseed rape), and two kinds of cropping system (DR: double rice system and PR: paddy-upland rotation) on greenhouse gases emissions. We have found that the annual accumulation of CH₄ of Chinese milk vetch-rice-sweet potato || soybean was significantly reduced by 32.95%∼63.22% compared with other treatments, mainly because Chinese milk vetch reduced the abundance of methanogens by reducing soil C/N ratio. Meanwhile increasing soil permeability resulting from paddy-upland rotation also reduced soil CH₄ emission. However, The annual accumulation of N₂O of Chinese milk vetch-rice-sweet potato || soybean was increased by 17.39%∼870.11% compared with other treatments, mainly attributed to paddy-upland rotation decreased soil pH and nosZ abundance and increased nirK and nirS, thus enhancing N₂O emission, meanwhile the Chinese milk vetch incorporation and its interaction with the paddy-upland rotation has greatly enhanced the contents of NO₃⁻-N and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). The area-scaled global warming potential (GWP) and the biomass-scaled greenhouse gas emissions intensity (GHGI) of Chinese milk vetch-rice-sweet potato || soybean was reduced by 19.01%∼50.69% and 5.38%∼35.77% respectively. Thereby, the Chinese milk vetch-rice-sweet potato || soybean cropping system was suitable for agricultural sustainable development.

Radioactive pollution comes on the top of pollution types that affect human life directly through damaging the human genome or indirectly via his food web. The current study focused on the evaluation of radiation effects of Assiut Thermal Power Plant (ATPP) ashes on two crop plants, potato and squash, in terms of morphological and molecular levels. More particularly, the specific activity concentrations were measured in Bq/kg, of the ²³⁸U (²²⁶Ra) and ²³²Th series, and ⁴⁰K-isotope for the untreated soil sample (control) and ATPP ash sample (represents the radioactive source with 100% concentration). Different concentrations of ATPP ash (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) were mixed with soil sample to study the effect of radioactively contaminated soil on potato and squash plants. The results of the present investigation revealed that the morphological characteristics of both potato and squash plants were changed, which reflected a steep regression in the values of all vegetative growth and yield traits. The alterations of the characteristic values were directly proportional to the radioactive ash concentration in the soil. In the same context, the molecular evaluation using PCR-based markers, e.g., ISSR and SCoT helps in understanding and explaining experimental observations at morphological level. ISSR/SCoT bands confirmed the toxicity and mutagenicity of radioactive ash samples at their present dose on both potato and squash plants. The present findings clearly explained the morphometric and genetic abnormalities in two of the main consumed crops by a human. Thus, the green area around the ATPP may disappear in the future due to increasing the pollution in terms of the radioactive component that directly attached to plants or indirectly by mixing with soil.

The European Union authorization procedure for pesticides includes an assessment of the leaching risk posed by pesticides and their degradation products (DP) with the aim of avoiding any unacceptable influence on groundwater. Twelve-year's results of the Danish Pesticide Leaching Assessment Programme reveal shortcomings to the procedure by having assessed leaching into groundwater of 43 pesticides applied in accordance with current regulations on agricultural fields, and 47 of their DP. Three types of leaching scenario were not fully captured by the procedure: long-term leaching of DP of pesticides applied on potato crops cultivated in sand, leaching of strongly sorbing pesticides after autumn application on loam, and leaching of various pesticides and their DP following early summer application on loam. Rapid preferential transport that bypasses the retardation of the plow layer primarily in autumn, but also during early summer, seems to dominate leaching in a number of those scenarios.

Land-use types may affect soil aggregates' stability and organic carbon (OC) distribution characteristics, but little is known about the effects on the distribution characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in the aggregates. Hence, the MPs abundance of soil aggregates and analyzed aggregates’ stability, composition, and OC content from two soil layers of four land-use types in Gansu Province were investigated in this study. The total MPs abundances in woodland, farmland (wheat, maize, and potato), orchard, and intercropping (potato + apple orchard) of top and deep soils were 1383.3 and 1477.9, 1324.6 and 931.1, 1757.1 and 1930.9, 2127.2 and 1998.0, 1335.9 and 886.7, and 1777.5 and 1683.3 items kg⁻¹, respectively. The largest MPs abundance was detected in the >5 mm fractions of topsoil in potato (3077.3 items kg⁻¹), followed by maize (3044.7 items kg⁻¹) and intercropping (2718.4 items kg⁻¹). In the topsoil, the total MPs abundance increased significantly with decreasing aggregate stability, and also was positively correlated with bulk density, microbial biomass, and total nitrogen contents of bulk soil. Summarizing, the abundance distribution of MPs correlates with the soil aggregate characteristics of the different land-use types.

Acrylamide (AA) is an organic contaminant that naturally forms in starchy foods during high-temperature cooking under low-moisture conditions. It is mainly produced from the sugars and amino acids present in food by the Maillard reaction. When humans are exposed to AA, AA is eliminated in the urine as mercapturic acid conjugates, primarily including N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA), N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA3), and N-acetyl-3-[(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)sulfinyl]-L-alanine (AAMA-Sul), which are used as exposure biomarkers of AA in human biomonitoring studies. Although the carcinogenic effects of AA on humans have not been demonstrated yet, some studies have shown that AA may negatively affect children's health. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure of Spanish children (n = 612) to AA. For this purpose, the levels of AAMA, AAMA-Sul, and GAMA3 in first-morning urine samples were analyzed by “dilute and shoot” and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The three metabolites were detected in all the children involved in this study in the following order (geometric mean (GM)): AAMA (79 ng ml⁻¹) > AAMA-Sul (28 ng ml⁻¹) > GAMA3 (18 ng ml⁻¹). Statistical analysis suggested that the intake of fried potato products and biscuits could be associated with higher levels of AA metabolites in urine. Estimated daily intakes of AA in the children under study were in the range of 1.2–1.5 μg AA·kg-body weight⁻¹·day⁻¹ (GM). Risk assessment calculations indicate that the health risk of AA exposure cannot be overlooked and the exposure of Spanish children to AA should be closely monitored.

Considering that pesticides have been used in Europe for over 70 years, a system for monitoring pesticide residues in EU soils and their effects on soil health is long overdue. In an attempt to address this problem, we tested 340 EU agricultural topsoil samples for multiple pesticide residues. These samples originated from 4 representative EU case study sites (CSS), which covered 3 countries and four of the main EU crops: vegetable and orange production in Spain (S–V and S–O, respectively), grape production in Portugal (P-G), and potato production in the Netherlands (N–P). Soil samples were collected between 2015 and 2018 after harvest or before the start of the growing season, depending on the CSS. Conventional and organic farming results were compared in S–V, S–O and N–P. Soils from conventional farms presented mostly mixtures of pesticide residues, with a maximum of 16 residues/sample. Soils from organic farms had significantly fewer residues, with a maximum of 5 residues/sample. The residues with the highest frequency of detection and the highest content in soil were herbicides: glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA (P-G, N–P, S–O), and pendimethalin (S–V). Total residue content in soil reached values of 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ for S–V, 2 mg kg⁻¹ for S–O and N–P, and 12 mg kg⁻¹ for P-G. Organic soils presented 70–90% lower residue concentrations than the corresponding conventional soils. There is a severe knowledge gap concerning the effects of the accumulated and complex mixtures of pesticide residues found in soil on soil biota and soil health. Safety benchmarks should be defined and introduced into (soil) legislation as soon as possible. Furthermore, the process of transitioning to organic farming should take into consideration the residue mixtures at the conversion time and their residence time in soil.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in irrigated coarse-textured soils requires intensive nitrogen (N) fertilization which may increase reactive N losses. Biological soil additives including N-fixing microbes (NFM) have been promoted as a means to increase crop N use efficiency, though few field studies have evaluated their effects, and none have examined the combined use of NFM with microbial inhibitors. A 2-year study (2018–19) in an irrigated loamy sand quantified the effects of the urease inhibitor NBPT, the nitrification inhibitor DMPSA, NFM, and the additive combinations DMPSA + NBPT and DMPSA + NFM on potato performance and growing season nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching. All treatments, except a zero-N control, received diammonium phosphate at 45 kg N ha⁻¹ and split applied urea at 280 kg N ha⁻¹. Compared with urea alone, DMPSA + NBPT reduced NO₃⁻ leaching and N₂O emissions by 25% and 62%, respectively, and increased crop N uptake by 19% in one year, although none of the additive treatments increased tuber yields. The DMPSA and DMPSA + NBPT treatments had greater soil ammonium concentration, and all DMPSA-containing treatments consistently reduced N₂O emissions, compared to urea-only. Use of NBPT by itself reduced NO₃⁻ leaching by 21% across growing seasons and N₂O emissions by 37% in 2018 relative to urea-only. In contrast to the inhibitors, NFM by itself increased N₂O by 23% in 2019; however, co-applying DMPSA with NFM reduced N₂O emissions by ≥ 50% compared to urea alone. These results demonstrate that DMPSA can mitigate N₂O emissions in potato production systems and that DMPSA + NBPT can reduce both N₂O and NO₃⁻ losses and increase the N supply for crop uptake. This is the first study to show that combining a nitrification inhibitor with NFM can result in decreased N₂O emissions in contrast to unintended increases in N₂O emissions that can occur when NFM is applied by itself.