In this study, water from three urban wetlands of Gurugram – Sultanpur (WS), Damdama (WD), and Basai (WB), was studied for various physicochemical parameters to assess their suitability for the healthy survival of fishes and the results were compared with the limits of these parameters for fish farming. The parameters studied were colour, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, Ca2+- Mg2+ ratio, NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb). The results of the study indicate the majority of studied parameters are beyond the desirable limits in WB; thus, water is most unsuitable for fishes in WB. WB is unsuitable for parameters: colour, alkalinity, hardness, Ca -Mg ratio, NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. WS needs consideration for temperature, NO3-, Cu, Ni and Zn, whereas WD needs improvement in temperature, TDS, NO3-, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn concentration for better fish growth. Most of the parameters are high in summer as compared to winter, which is due to the dilution after rainfall. Hence, we recommend timely action for effective measures to improve the water quality of wetlands and their regular monitoring for improved fish habitat.

Fluoride is one of the parameters which is non-degradable and naturally occurring inorganic anion found in many natural streams, lakes, and groundwater. Serious problems are faced in several parts of India due to the high consumption of fluoride through drinking water. These may cause dental and skeletal fluorosis to humans. This study aims to examine the level of fluoride in both Bharalu river water and groundwater within Guwahati city, Assam, India, and also to analyze the impact of fluoride reach river water on the groundwater aquifer adjacent to the river. From the investigation, it has been observed that the concentration of fluoride varies from 0.02 to 3.73 mg/l in river water and 0.04 to 4.7 mg/l in the case of groundwater. The statistical analysis shows that there is a strong correlation between the fluoride concentration of river water and groundwater. This indicates that the groundwater might have contaminated by the polluted river water.

Batiaghata Upazila, Khulna District in south-west coastal region of Bangladesh is the mostly saline affected area, where agriculture activities are mainly dependent on rainfall. 23 water samples from surface water and shallow tube well (STW) were collected in the monsoon season and analyzed for physico-chemical properties to classify them according to salinity hazard. Electrical Conductivity (EC) of both surface and groundwater samples were slightly higher than that of acceptable limit ( Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ in both surface and groundwater while the anions trend in both surface and groundwater of the study area were Cl¯ > SO42¯ > PO43¯. EC and TDS showed high positive correlation with Na+, K+ and Ca2+ with Cl¯ as confirmed from Correlation Matrix and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Most of the STW water samples compared to the surface water had higher Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) values while Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) indicated the surface water and ground water with low sodium hazard. The Kelly’s ratio of STW water is more subjected to sodium hazard compared to surface water in the study area.

In order to evaluate the impact on water quality of the abandoned Sidi Kamber mine in Skikda, NE Algeria, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Mn and Ni metals were collected at surface water and groundwater, from twenty eight sites located near the mine. Conventional hydrochemical methods, heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and multivariate statistical analysis techniques: correlation matrix (CM), principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used. Surface water results show that El-Souk River has a high level of pollution, but Guenitra dam water is less contaminated. Regarding the groundwater results, the wells and springs are not suitable for drinking. The overall quality estimated by HPI values of surface and groundwater are poor; they may pose a potential health risk to the local population. The PCA and HCA suggest that surface water and groundwater are contaminated by two sources: anthropogenic and natural. According to the obtained results, surface water and groundwater pollution state of this area raises serious concerns about health and environment.

Microplastics pollution has become a matter of global concern because of its effects on aquatic life and the ecosystem. This study investigated the abundance and types of microplastics found in an urban canal of Thailand. Water quality and the relationship between microplastics pollutants and the physicochemical properties of water quality were also analyzed to provide evidence for this study. The mean abundance of microplastics was 370 ± 140 particle(p)/m3. The highest number and concentration of microplastics were found on surface water corelated with urbanization. Transparent brown and transparent colors in the form of film and fiber/lines were the predominant morphology. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were the most abundant polymer type in all surface water samples. Furthermore, water quality was related with microplastic pollution. The physicochemical properties of turbidity (0.99), conductivity (0.97), total solid (0.95) and biological oxygen demand (0.84) were accounted for greatest influences on microplastics distribution. The estimated equation of microplastics was also closely corelated with water quality. These results demonstrate that microplastic pollution has progressed more in poor water quality than good water quality, indicating that the inflow process and sources of microplastics are similar to those of other pollutants. Therefore, this study is expected to encourage and enforce solid waste and wastewater management policies that prevent microplastics pollution in the environment.

The present study aims at investigating land use changes (as one of the effective human factors on water systems) as well as its relation with water quality at spatial scales of the entire basin, sub-basin and defined buffers (10 and 15 km) in Zayandeh-Rud Basin, Isfahan, Iran. By means of supervised classification method along with maximum likelihood algorithm, it classifies the land use map into five categories, including agriculture, bare lands, urban areas, vegetation, and water. The research collects data for 11 water quality parameters in seven sampling stations of Zayandeh-Rud Basin in 2002, 2009, and 2015 from Isfahan Water and Sewerage Organization. Correlation analysis is then conducted to investigate the effect of land use changes on water quality at different spatial scales. Land use analysis in the entire basin shows that despite an increase in urban and agricultural lands from 2002 to 2015, bare lands, vegetation, and water covers have had a decreasing trend. Moreover, various land uses at different scales show some correlation with water quality parameters. The strongest correlations in this study belong to sub-basin scale. Therefore, it is recommended to use this spatial scale to investigate the relation between land use and water quality parameters

Little is known about the occurrence of emerging pollutants (EPs) in waters in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region despite the extensive use of low-quality water there. Available data dealing with the sources, occurrence and removal of EPs within the MENA region in different categories of water is collected, presented and analyzed in this literature review. According to the collected database, the occurrence and removal efficiency of EPs in the water matrix in the MENA region is available, respectively, for 13 and six countries of the 18 in total; no available data is registered for the rest. Altogether, 290 EPs have been observed in different water matrices across the MENA countries, stemming mainly from industrial effluents, agricultural practices, and discharge or reuse of treated wastewater (TWW). Pharmaceutical compounds figure among the most frequently reported compounds in wastewater, TWW, surface water, and drinking water. Nevertheless, pesticides are the most frequently detected pollutants in groundwater. Worryingly, 57 cases of EPs have been reported in different fresh and drinking waters, exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (EC) thresholds. Overall, pharmaceuticals, organic compounds, and pesticides are the most concerning EP groups. The review revealed the ineffectiveness of treatment processes used in the region to remove EPs. Negative removals of some EPs such as carbamazepine, erythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole were recorded, suggesting their possible accumulation or release during treatment. This underlines the need to set in place and strengthen control measures, treatment procedures, standards, and policies for such pollutants in the region.

Climatic condition, geology, and geochemical processes in an area play a major role on groundwater quality. Impact of these on the fluoride content of groundwater was studied in three regions-part of Nalgonda district in Telangana, Pambar River basin, and Vaniyar River basin in Tamil Nadu, southern India, which experience semi-arid climate and are predominantly made of Precambrian rocks. High concentration of fluoride in groundwater above 4 mg/l was recorded. Human exposure dose for fluoride through groundwater was higher in Nalgonda than the other areas. With evaporation and rainfall being one of the major contributors for high fluoride apart from the weathering of fluoride rich minerals from rocks, the effect of increase in groundwater level on fluoride concentration was studied. This study reveals that groundwater in shallow environment of all three regions shows dilution effect due to rainfall recharge. Suitable managed aquifer recharge (MAR) methods can be adopted to dilute the fluoride rich groundwater in such regions which is explained with two case studies. However, in deep groundwater, increase in fluoride concentration with increase in groundwater level due to leaching of fluoride rich salts from the unsaturated zone was observed. Occurrence of fluoride above 1.5 mg/l was more in areas with deeper groundwater environment. Hence, practicing MAR in these regions will increase the fluoride content in groundwater and so physica or chemical treatment has to be adopted. This study brought out the fact that MAR cannot be practiced in all regions for dilution of ions in groundwater and that it is essential to analyze the fluctuation in groundwater level and the fluoride content before suggesting it as a suitable solution. Also, this study emphasizes that long-term monitoring of these factors is an important criterion for choosing the recharge areas.