Investigating the migration and transformation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter in the cryosphere areas is crucial for understanding global biogeochemical cycle and earth's climate system. However, water-soluble organic constituents and their transformation in multiple water bodies are barely investigated. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and organic nitrogen (WSON), and particulate black carbon (PBC) in multiple types of water bodies in eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) cryosphere for the first time have been systematically investigated. Statistical results exhibited that from south to north and from east to west of this region, WSOC concentrations in alpine river runoff were gradually elevated. WSOC and nitrogenous matter in the alpine river runoff and precipitation in the glacier region presented distinct seasonal variations. WSON was the dominant component (63.4%) of water-soluble total nitrogen in precipitation over high-altitude southeastern TP cryosphere. Water-soluble carbonaceous matter dominated the carbon cycle in the TP cryosphere, but particulate carbonaceous matter in the alpine river runoff had a small fraction of the cryospheric carbon cycle. Analysis of optical properties illustrated that PBC had a much stronger light absorption ability (MAC-PBC: 2.28 ± 0.37 m² g⁻¹) than WSOC in the alpine river runoff (0.41 ± 0.26 m² g⁻¹). Ionic composition was dominated by SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺ (average: 45.13 ± 3.75%) in the snow of glaciers, implying important contribution of (fossil fuel) combustion sources over this region. The results of this study have essential implications for understanding the carbon and nitrogen cycles in high altitude cryosphere regions of the world. Future work should be performed based on more robust in-situ observations and measurements from multiple environmental medium over the cryosphere areas, to ensure ecological protection and high-quality development of the high mountain Asia.

Microbial biofilms can rapidly colonize plastic debris in aquatic environments and subsequently, accumulate chemical pollutants from the surrounding water. Here, we studied the microbial colonization of different plastics, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene (PE) exposed in three freshwater systems (the Qinhuai River, the Niushoushan River, and Donghu Lake) for 44 days. We also assessed the biofilm mass and associated metals attached to plastics. The plastics debris characteristics, such as contact angle and surface roughness, greatly affected the increased biofilm biomass. All types of metal accumulation onto the plastic substrate abundances significantly higher than the concentrations of heavy metal in the water column, such as Ba (267.75 μg/g vs. 42.12 μg/L, Donhu Lake), Zn (254 μg/g vs. 0.023 μg/L the Qinhuai River), and Cr (93.75 μg/g vs. 0.039 μg/L, the Niushoushan River). Compared with other metals, the heavy metal Ba, Cr and Zn accumulated easily on the plastic debris (PET, PP, PVC, and PE) at all incubation sites. Aquatic environmental factors (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and suspended solids concentrations) largely shaped metal accumulation onto plastic debris compared with plastic debris properties.

Antibiotics can stimulate the growth of model cyanobacterial species under pure culture conditions, but their influence on cyanobacterial blooms in natural aquatic ecosystems remains unclear. In this study, three commonly detected antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin) and their ternary mixture were proved to selectively stimulate (p < 0.05) the growth and photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria in an aquatic microcosm at an environmentally relevant exposure dose of 300 ng/L under both oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Under the eutrophic condition, cyanobacteria reached a bloom density of 1.61 × 10⁶ cells/mL in 15 days without antibiotics, while the cyanobacteria exposed to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and their ternary mixture exceeded this bloom density within only 10, 8, 7, and 6 days, respectively. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that the antibiotic contaminants accelerated the prokaryotic community succession towards the formation of a cyanobacterial bloom by promoting the dominance of Microcystis, Synechococcus, and Oscillatoria under the eutrophic condition. After 15 days of culture, the antibiotic exposure increased the density of cyanobacteria by 1.38–2.31-fold and 2.28–3.94-fold under eutrophic and oligotrophic conditions, respectively. Antibiotic exposure generated higher stimulatory effects on cyanobacterial growth under the oligotrophic condition, but the antibiotic(s)-treated cyanobacteria did not form a bloom due to nutrient limitation. Redundancy analysis indicated that the three target antibiotics and their ternary mixture affected the prokaryotic community structure in a similar manner, while tetracycline showed some differences compared to sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and the ternary antibiotic mixture with regard to the regulation of the eukaryotic community structure. This study demonstrates that antibiotic contaminants accelerate the formation of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lake water and provides insights into the ecological effects of antibiotics on aquatic microbial communities.

Previous studies assessing excessive proliferation of phytoplankton (EPP) in lakes are generally based on single investigation and focused on limited environmental factors; meanwhile, less attention has been paid to lakes susceptibility to EPP. Here, we identify the priority of lakes for EPP control in a basin by assessing EPP in multiple lakes and identify the key factors related to lakes’ vulnerability to EPP. Field measurements, as well as multi-source survey data acquisition were conducted for 63 shallow lakes in the middle-lower Yangtze River basin. Resource-use efficiency by phytoplankton (RUE) was then used to represent lake susceptibility to EPP. Generalized linear models were used to assess the relative importance of environmental factors for RUE. We found that most lakes (76.19 %) were not suitable for recreation, due to health concern attributed to irritative or allergenic risk caused by EPP. Phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient for EPP (74.60 % of lakes) which should be limited to < 0.09 mg/L. The linear model that included latitude, particulate matter 10, and precipitation explained 27.60 % of the variation of RUETP among lakes. In contrast, the linear model that included ozone, Secchi depth, and wind speed explained 19.41 % of the variation of RUETN among lakes. The key factor related to RUETP and RUETN was particulate matter 10 and ozone, respectively, both of which potentially increase RUE or reflect it. Our results suggest that integrating multiple survey datasets is critical for lakes EPP assessment in a basin, while lakes impacted by air pollution are a high priority for EPP control.

Information on the biological responses of polyploid animals towards environmental contaminants is scarce. This study aimed to compare reproductive axis-related gene expressions in the brain, plasma biochemical responses, and the liver and gill histopathological alterations in diploid and triploid full-sibling juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fish were exposed for 96 h to one of the two waterborne phenanthrene (Phe) concentrations [mean measured (SD): 6.2 (2.4) and 76 (4.2) μg/L]. In triploids, exposure to 76 μg/L Phe increased mRNA level of fushi tarazu-factor 1 (ftz-f1). Expression of tryptophan hydroxylase2 (tph2) was also elevated in both ploidies following the exposure to 76 μg/L Phe compared to the solvent control. In triploids, 76 μg/L Phe increased plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels compared to the other Phe-exposed group. It also elevated lactate and glucose contents relative to the other groups. In diploids, however, biochemical biomarkers did not change. Phenanthrene exposures elevated glycogen contents and the prevalence of histopathological lesions in the liver and gills of both ploidies. This study showed substantial differences between diploids and triploids on biochemical and molecular biomarker responses, but similar histopathological alterations following acute Phe exposures.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) and ifosfamide (IF) are commonly used cytostatic drugs that repress cell division by interaction with DNA. The present study investigates the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of CP, IF, their human metabolites/transformation products (TPs) carboxy-cyclophosphamide (CPCOOH), keto-cyclophosphamide (ketoCP) and N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (NdCP) as individual compounds and as mixture. The two parent compounds (CP and IF), at concentrations up to 320 mg L−1, were non-toxic towards the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and cyanobacterium Synecococcus leopoliensis. Further ecotoxicity studies of metabolites/TPs and a mixture of parent compounds and metabolites/TPs performed in cyanobacteria S. leopoliensis, showed that only CPCOOH (EC50 = 17.1 mg L−1) was toxic. The measured toxicity (EC50 = 11.5 mg L−1) of the mixture was lower from the toxicity predicted by concentration addition model (EC50 = 21.1 mg L−1) indicating potentiating effects of the CPCOOH toxicity. The SOS/umuC assay with Salmonella typhimurium revealed genotoxic activity of CP, CPCOOH and the mixture in the presence of S9 metabolic activation. Only CPCOOH was genotoxic also in the absence of metabolic activation indicating that this compound is a direct acting genotoxin. This finding is of particular importance as in the environment such compounds can directly affect DNA of non-target organisms and also explains toxicity of CPCOOH against cyanobacteria S. leopoliensis. The degradation study with UV irradiation of samples containing CP and IF showed efficient degradation of both compounds and remained non-toxic towards S. leopoliensis, suggesting that no stable TPs with adverse effects were formed. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity of the commonly used cytostatics CP and IF, their known metabolites/TPs and their mixture. The results indicate the importance of toxicological evaluation and monitoring of drug metabolites as they may be for certain aquatic species more hazardous than parent compounds.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element in the ecosystem and the cause of the eutrophication of rivers and lakes. The river-lake ecotone is the ecological buffer zone between rivers and lakes, which can transfer energy and material between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Vegetation restoration of degraded river-lake ecotone can improve the interception capacity of P pollution. However, the effects of different vegetation restoration types on sediment P cycling and its mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, we seasonally measured the P fractions and physicochemical properties of sediments from different restored vegetation (three native species and one invasive species). The results found that vegetation restoration significantly increased the sediment total P and bioavailable P content, which increased the sediment tolerance to P pollution in river-lake ecotone. In addition, the total P content in sediments was highest in summer and autumn, but lower in spring and winter. The total P and bioavailable P contents in surface sediments were the highest. They decreased with increasing depth, suggesting that sediment P assimilation by vegetation restoration and the resulting litter leads to redistribution of P in different seasons and sediment depths. Microbial biomass-P (MBP), total nitrogen (TN), and sediment organic matter (SOM) are the main factors affecting the change of sediment phosphorus fractions. All four plants’ maximum biomass and P storage appeared in the autumn. Although the biomass and P storage of the invasive species Alternanthera philoxeroides were lower, the higher bioavailable P content and MBP values of the surface sediments indicated the utilization efficiency of sediment resources. These results suggest that vegetation restoration affects the distribution and circulation of P in river and lake ecosystems, which further enhances the ecological function of the river-lake ecotone and prevents the eutrophication and erosion of water and sediment in the river-lake ecotone.

The aquaculture industry is considered a key sector for the supply of high quality, nutritious food. However, growth of the aquaculture sector has been slow, particularly in Europe, and this is amongst others linked to concerns about environmental impacts of this industry. Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been identified as an important technology to sustainably improve freshwater fish production. In IMTA, economically valuable extractive species feed on waste produced by other species, remediating wastewater, and minimising the environmental impact of aquaculture. This study presents quantitative information on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of a duckweed-based, pilot, semi-commercial IMTA system. Duckweed species are free-floating freshwater species belonging to the family of Lemnaceae. The aim of this study was to test the potential of duckweed-based IMTA under realistic environmental conditions. Three different approaches were used to assess remediation capacity; 1) assessment of water quality pre and post treatment with duckweed showed that the system can remove 0.78 and 0.38 T y⁻¹ of Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP), respectively 2) based on nitrogen and phosphorus content of newly grown duckweed biomass, it was shown that 1.71 and 0.22 T y⁻¹ of TN and TP can be removed, respectively 3) extrapolation based on laboratory established nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rates determined that 0.88 and 0.08 T y⁻¹ of TN and TP can be removed by the system. There is substantive agreement between the three assessments, and the study confirms that duckweed can maintain good quality water in an IMTA system, while yielding high protein content (21.84 ± 2.45%) biomass. The quantitative data on nitrogen and phosphorus removal inform the design of further IMTA systems, and especially create a scientific basis to determine the balance between aquaculture and extractive species.

Intensive aquaculture has largely changed the global phosphorus (P) flow and become one of the main reasons for the eutrophication of global aquatic ecosystem. Artificial planting submerged macrophytes has attracted enormous interest regarding the restoration of eutrophic lakes. However, few large-scale (>80 km²) studies have focused on the restoration of aquatic vegetation in the subtropical lakes, and the mechanism underlying the restrain of sediment P release by macrophytes remains unknown. In this study, field surveys and the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique were used to elucidate the effects of macrophytes on internal P loading control in a typical eutrophic aquacultural lake. Results showed that half of the P content in overlying water and sediments, particularly dissolved P in overlying water and calcium bound P (Ca–P) in sediment, were removed after restoration. Temperature, as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) and P concentration gradients near the sediment-water interface (SWI) jointly controlled the release of labile P from surface sediments. Submerged macrophytes can effectively inhibit the release of sediment P into the overlying water, which depended on DO concentration in the bottom water. Future restoration projects should focus on the temperature response of submerged macrophytes of different growth forms (especially canopy-forming species) to avoid undesirable restoration effects. Our results complement existing knowledge about submerged macrophytes repairing subtropical P-contaminated lakes and have positive significance for lake restoration by in situ phytoremediation.

Surface and water bodies in many parts of the world are affected due to eutrophication, contamination and depletion. The approach of wastewater treatment using algae for eliminating nutrients and other pollutants from domestic wastewater is growing interest among the researchers. However, sustainable treatment of the wastewater is considered to be important in establishing more effective nutrient and pollutant reduction using algal systems. In comparison to the conventional method of remediation, there are opportunities to commercially viable businesses interest with phycoremediation, thus by achieving cost reductions and renewable bioenergy options. Phycoremediation is an intriguing stage for treating wastewater since it provides tertiary bio-treatment while producing potentially valuable biomass that may be used for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the phycoremediation provides the ability to remove heavy metals as well as harmful organic substances, without producing secondary contamination. In this review, the role of microalgae in treating different wastewaters and the process parameters affecting the treatment and future scope of research have been discussed. Though several algae are employed for wastewater treatment, species of the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus are extensively utilized. Interestingly, there is a vast scope for employing algal species with high flocculation capacity and adsorption mechanisms for the elimination of microplastics. In addition, the algal biomass generated during phycoremediation has been found to possess high protein and lipid contents, promising their exploitation in biofuel, food and animal feed industries.