The accumulation of arsenic in crop plants has become a worldwide concern that affects millions of people. The major source of arsenic in crop plants is irrigation water and soil. In this study, Serendipita indica, an endophytic fungus, was used to investigate the protection against arsenic and its accumulation in the tomato plant. We found that inoculation of S. indica recovers seed germination, plant growth and improves overall plant health under arsenic stress. A hyper-colonization of fungus in the plant root was observed under arsenic stress, which results in reduced oxidative stress via modulation of antioxidative enzymes, glutathione, and proline levels. Furthermore, fungal colonization restricts arsenic mobilization from root to shoot and fruit by accumulating it exclusively in the root. We observed that fungal colonization enhances the arsenic bioaccumulation factor 1.48 times in root and reduces the arsenic translocation factor by 2.96 times from root to shoot and 13.6 times from root to fruit compared to non colonized plants. Further, investigation suggests that S. indica can tolerate arsenic by immobilizing it on the cell wall and accumulating it in the vacuole. This study shows that S. indica may be helpful for the reduction of arsenic accumulation in crops grown in arsenic-contaminated agriculture fields.

Soil receiving discharges from Pb-acid batteries dismantling and restoring units (PBS) can have a high concentration of phytoavailable Pb. Reducing Pb phytoavailability in PBS can decline Pb uptake in food crops and minimize the risks to humans and the environment. This pot study aimed to reduce the concentration of phytoavailable Pb in PBS through Aspergillus niger (A. niger)−mediated release of PO₄³⁻ from fish bone [Apatite II (APII)] products. The PBS (Pb = 639 mg kg⁻¹ soil) was amended with APII powder (APII−P), APII char (APII−C), and A. niger inoculum as separate doses, and combining A. niger with APII−P (APII−P + A. niger) and APII−C (APII−C + A. niger). The effects of these treatments on reducing the phytoavailability of Pb in PBS and its uptake in fenugreek were examined. Additionally, enzymatic activities and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in the PBS and the indices of plant physiology, nutrition, and antioxidant defense machinery were scoped. Results revealed that the APII−C + A. niger treatment was the most efficient one. Compared to the control, it significantly reduced the Pb phytoavailability (DTPA-extractable Pb fraction) in soil and its uptake in plant shoots, roots, and grain, up to 61%, 83%, 74%, and 92%. The grain produced under APII−C + A. niger were safe for human consumption as Pb concentration in grain was 4.01 mg kg⁻¹ DW, remaining within the permissible limit set by WHO/FAO (2007). The APII−C + A. niger treatment also improved soil pH, EC, CEC, MBC, available P content and enzymatic activities, and the fenugreek quality parameters. A. niger played a significant role in solubilizing PO₄³⁻ from APII−C, which reacted with Pb and formed insoluble Pb-phosphates, thereby reducing Pb phytoavailability in PBS and its uptake in plants. This study suggests APII−C + A. niger can remediate Pb-polluted soils via reducing Pb phytoavailability in them.

Cell phone use and radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMF) are rapidly increasing and may be associated with lower semen quality, yet results from epidemiological studies are inconclusive. Information on electronic devices use was collected through standard questionnaires from 1454 men aged 22–45 years old. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, total motility, progressive motility, and normal morphology in repeated specimens were determined by trained clinical technicians. Percent changes [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were estimated as (10ᵝ−1) × 100 for electronic devices use associated with repeated sperm quality parameters in the linear mixed-effect models. After adjusting for multiple confounders, we found significant inverse associations of total duration of electronic devices use with sperm progressive motility and total motility, duration of cell phone and computer use with sperm concentration, progressive motility, and total motility (all P < 0.05). No significant association was found between cell phone/computer use alone and sperm quality parameters. Moreover, per hour increase of time spent on cell phone talking was associated with decreased sperm concentration and total count by an average of −8.0% (95% CI: −15.2%, −0.2%) and −12.7% (95% CI: −21.3%, −3.1%), respectively. Besides, daily calling time was associated with lower sperm progressive motility and total motility among those who used headsets during a call (P for interaction <0.05). In conclusion, our study suggested that more time spent on electronic devices use had a modest reduction effect on semen quality. Daily calling time was significantly associated with lower sperm concentration and total count, and using headsets during a call appeared to aggravate the negative association between daily calling time and sperm motility. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.

As a precursor to risk assessment and risk management through consuming contaminated seafood, food safety needs to be quantified and assured. Seaweed is an increasing dietary component, especially in developing countries, but there are few studies assessing uptake rates of contaminants from this route. As such, the present study determined likely human uptake due to the trace elemental (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Hg, and As) concentrations in the edible red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) Gelidium pusillum and Hypnea musciformis, growing in the industrialised Cox's Bazar coastal area of Bangladesh. Metal and metalloid concentrations in G. pusillum were in the order (mg/kg): Fe (797 ± 67) > Mn (69 ± 4) > Ni (12 ± 5) > Zn (9 ± 4) > Cu (9 ± 4) >Se (0.1 ± 0.1) > Hg (0.1 ± 0.01), and in H. musciformis: Fe (668 ± 58) > Mn (28 ± 5) > Ni (14 ± 2) > Zn (11 ± 5) > Cu (6 ± 4) >Se (0.2 ± 0.03) > Hg (0.04 ± 0.01). Despite the industrial activities in the area, and based on 10 g. day⁻¹ seaweed consumption, it is concluded that these concentrations pose no risk to human health as part of a normal diet according to the targeted hazard quotient and hazard index (THQ and HI) (values < 1). In addition, and as a novel aspect for seaweeds, Selenium Health Benefit Values (Se-HBV) were determined and found to have positive values. Seaweed can be used as an absorber of inorganic metals for removing contamination in coastal waters. The results are a precursor to further research regarding the efficiency and rate at which seaweeds can sequester metal contamination in water. In addition, management techniques need to be developed thereby to control the contaminant inputs.

The association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hearing loss is rarely assessed. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hearing loss among US adults and adolescents, and to explore the mediating role of systemic inflammation in the associations. Participants from the National health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES, 2001–2016) were included. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between PAH metabolites and hearing loss. A total of 4200 adults and 1337 adolescents were included in the present analysis. For adults, we found positive association between urinary PAH metabolites and hearing loss, including total, speech-frequency and high-frequency hearing loss. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each one-unit increase in the log-transformed level of 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFlu), 2-Hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFlu) and 2 & 3-Hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPh) with total hearing loss were 1.17 (1.04–1.31), 1.24 (1.07–1.43), and 1.18 (1.03–1.37), respectively. For adolescents, urinary PAH metabolites were positively associated with total and speech-frequency hearing loss, not with high-frequency. The ORs and 95% CIs for each one-unit increase in the log-transformed level of 3-OHFlu, 2-OHFlu and total urinary PAH metabolites with total hearing loss were 1.34 (1.06–1.68), 1.48 (1.13–1.93), and 1.33 (1.04–1.72), respectively. Each one-unit increase in the log-transformed level 2-OHFlu (β = 0.112, 95%CI = 0.018–0.206) and 2&3-OHPh (β = 0.145, 95%CI = 0.037–0.253) were positively associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) among adolescents, but not among adults. No mediating effect for CRP on the association of urinary PAH metabolites with hearing loss was found (all P > 0.05). 3-OHFlu and 2-OHFlu are associated with increased prevalence of hearing loss among adults and adolescents. Systemic inflammation does not mediate the associations. Further studies should be conducted to verify the results.

Microplastics have been discovered ubiquitously in marine environments. While their accumulation is noted in seagrass ecosystems, little attention has yet been given to microplastic impacts on seagrass plants and their associated epiphytic and sediment communities. We initiate this discussion by synthesizing the potential impacts microplastics have on relevant seagrass plant, epiphyte, and sediment processes and functions. We suggest that microplastics may harm epiphytes and seagrasses via impalement and light/gas blockage, and increase local concentrations of toxins, causing a disruption in metabolic processes. Further, microplastics may alter nutrient cycling by inhibiting dinitrogen fixation by diazotrophs, preventing microbial processes, and reducing root nutrient uptake. They may also harm seagrass sediment communities via sediment characteristic alteration and organism complications associated with ingestion. All impacts will be exacerbated by the high trapping efficiency of seagrasses. As microplastics become a permanent and increasing member of seagrass ecosystems it will be pertinent to direct future research towards understanding the extent microplastics impact seagrass ecosystems.

Growing evidence recommends that radiofrequency radiations might be a new type of environmental pollutant. The consequences of RFR on the human immune system have gained considerable interest in recent years, not only to examine probable negative effects on health but also to understand if RFR can modulate the immune response positively. Although several studies have been published on the immune effects of RFR but no satisfactory agreement has been reached. Hence this review aims to evaluate the RFR modulating impacts on particular immune cells contributing to various innate or adaptive immune responses. In view of existing pieces of evidence, we have suggested an intracellular signaling cascade responsible for RFR action. The bio-effects of RFR on immune cell morphology, viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and immune functions such as ROS, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis, apoptosis, etc. are discussed. The majority of existing evidence point toward the possible shifts in the activity, number, and/or function of immunocompetent cells, but the outcome of several studies is still contradictory and needs further studies to reach a conclusion. Also, the direct association of experimental studies to human risks might not be helpful as exposure parameters vary in real life. On the basis of recent available literature, we suggest that special experiments should be designed to test each particular signal utilized in communication technologies to rule out the hypothesis that longer exposure to RFR emitting devices would affect the immunity by inducing genotoxic effects in human immune cells.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of both biologically and chemically origins trigger various physiological and metabolic processes through interaction with plant cells, exerting positive, negative and inconsequential effects. However, their impacts on plant systems must be critically investigated to guarantee their safe application in food chain. In this study, the effects of chemically synthesized (synthetic) AgNPs (sAgNPs) and biologically synthesized (biogenic) AgNPs (bAgNPs) on physiological and biochemical features of Eschscholzia californica Cham were evaluated at different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹). Plants exposed to bAgNPs (at 10 and 25 mg L⁻¹) and sAgNPs (at 10 mg L⁻¹) displayed relatively uniform deposition of AgNPs on leaf surface, however, the higher concentration (100 mg L⁻¹) was accompanied by aggregation of AgNPs, resulting in anatomical and physiological disorders. Foliar application of both AgNPs at lower concentrations resulted in significant (P < 0.01) improve in the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b, a+b, and carotenoids) and total phenolics over the control in a dose-related manner. Leaf relative water content decreased steadily with increasing both sAgNPs and bAgNPs concentrations-with sAgNPs being more inhibitive. Both types of AgNPs at 100 mg L⁻¹ significantly (P < 0.05) increased electrolyte leakage index, level of lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde), and leaf soluble sugar content when compared to controls. No significant difference was found on cell membrane stability index among the plants exposed to bAgNPs and sAgNPs at the lowest concentration over the control. Californidine content was significantly (P < 0.01, by 45.1%) increased upon all the bAgNPs treatments (with a peak at 25 mg L⁻¹) relative to control. The obtained extracts from plants treated with bAgNPs at lower concentrations revealed a significant induction of antioxidant capacity (based on DPPH˙ free radical scavenging and ferrous ions-chelating activities) with lower IC₅₀ values compared to the other treatments. Conclusively, bAgNPs at lower concentrations are potent elicitors of pharmaceutically active compounds biosynthesis, which enhance physiological efficiency of E. californica, but at higher concentrations bAgNPs are equally toxic as sAgNPs.

River floodplain ecosystems host one of the highest freshwater molluscan biodiversity on Earth. However, multiple human disturbances, such as loss of hydrological connectivity and deterioration of water quality, are seriously threatening most floodplain lakes throughout the world. Given the high imperilment rate of freshwater molluscs but the scarcity of studies examining the anthropogenic effects on this fauna, we test the response of mollusc assemblages to river-lake disconnection and eutrophication in 30 lakes in the Yangtze River floodplain, China. The species richness of entire Mollusca, Gastropoda and Bivalvia and 6 dominant families were all much lower at disconnected lakes than that in connected lakes, and decreased with increasing water eutrophication. The assemblage structure differed significantly among four lake groups for datasets based on entire Mollusca, Gastropoda and Bivalvia, indicating the serious impacts of hydrological disconnection and eutrophication. Moreover, the connected lakes showed significantly lower values of average taxonomic distinctness (Δ⁺) but higher values of variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ⁺) than disconnected lakes. Such variations were triggered by the extirpation of congeneric and endemic species (mainly from families Unionidae and Viviparidae), which giving a waring of the loss of mollusc endemism in this region. In general, the present study showed that river-lake disconnection and deterioration of water quality resulted in serious biodiversity declines of both gastropods and bivalves in the Yangtze River floodplain lakes. A systematic approach including restoration of river-lake connectivity and habitats and improvement of water quality should be implemented in the conservation planning in this large river floodplain.

The adsorption of microplastic (MPs) on aquifer media is affected by their own properties and environmental factors. Research results have shown that the adsorption capacity of MPs on the three media has the following order: fine sand > medium sand > coarse sand, and the adsorption equilibrium times are 8 h, 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The adsorption process has three stages (fast linear distribution, slow adsorption and equilibrium stability), and the action law is compounded by the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. After adsorption, MPs were observed on the three media, and there were single existence and aggregation phenomena. The energy spectrum analysis indicates that elemental carbon (C) appears on the surface of the medium after the action occurs, and the surface of the media adsorbs MPs to varying degrees. According to the results of infrared spectroscopy, after action, the peak areas of the absorption peaks at 680-880 cm⁻¹ and 1450-1620 cm⁻¹ increase. The absorption peaks are mainly C–H out-of-plane bending vibrations from aromatic hydrocarbons and C–H stretching vibrations on the benzene ring skeleton. As the initial concentration increases, the equilibrium adsorption capacity increases linearly. The isothermal adsorption of MPs in porous media conforms to the Freundlich model. The adsorption process is also affected by different anions and cations. The higher the ionic strength of NH₄⁺ is, the weaker the electrostatic effect of negatively charged MPs, thereby increasing the adsorption capacity of microplastics on porous media. Ca²⁺ can promote the adsorption of MPs by the media through the formation of ternary complexes between cations, MPs and surface functional groups. The increase in SO₄²⁻ and HCO₃⁻ concentrations gradually inhibits the adsorption of MPs.