Solar Photo-Fenton reaction, using FeSO₄ and H₂O₂, is an effective and energy-efficient advanced oxidation process (AOP) for degradation of pesticides. However, a major environmental concern is whether the net toxicity after the photo-Fenton process is within the tolerance limit of the aquatic plants and animals, since the unreacted pesticide and Fenton’s reagent may impart additional toxicity to the treated water. Here, we report the oxidative removal of dichlorvos pesticide in wastewater by solar photo-Fenton reaction along with the residual toxicity analysis of the treated water on an aquatic alga. It was found that at pH 3, dichlorvos, with an initial concentration of 6.9 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹, was observed to be fully degraded within a batch time of 120 min, though the corresponding reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was about 53 % signifying incomplete mineralisation. In order to predict the transient concentration profiles of dichlorvos under different initial concentrations, a four-parameter mathematical model was formulated. Additionally, the resultant toxicity was also examined using a model blue-green alga Nostoc sp. Compared to the raw wastewater, the net biomass of chlorophyll-a was found to increase significantly. Respective estimate of the protein concentration also indicated the same trend. Therefore, sunlight-assisted photo-Fenton process may be regarded as an effective and safe technique for the treatment of pesticide-contaminated agricultural wastewater.

Various geochemical studies have yielded conflicting data on whether humic coatings decrease or increase adsorption of heavy metals by soil minerals. The objective of the present study is to determine how humate pre-adsorption affects subsequent retention of Cd and Pb by palygorskite and sepiolite, as special silicate clay minerals of soil in many arid regions. For this purpose, a series of equilibrium batch experiments were conducted on the interactions of Pb and Cd with Ca–palygorskite and Ca–sepiolite before and after humate adsorption. The results showed that the Langmuir (L), Freundlich (F), Langmuir–Freundlich (LF), and Toth (T) equations satisfactorily described metal sorption data on the minerals. In the presence of humate as the pre-adsorbate, the values for sorption capacities of palygorskite and sepiolite for Cd and Pb slightly decreased. This can be attributed to the competition between humates and metal ions for mineral active sites and steric hindrance of the adsorbed humates, which reduces the access of metal ions to the mineral surface and internal channels. Humate coatings decreased the adsorption equilibrium constants of Cd, suggesting that the affinity of the organo-clays for Cd sorption is lower than those of Ca–clays. The values for the heterogeneity factor (β) generally showed an increasing trend with increasing humate coverage on palygorskite and sepiolite, which can be explained by the increased diversity of adsorption centers on humate–clay complexes. It may be concluded that the presence of humate bound on fibrous clay surfaces can influence the sorption, and hence the bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in fibrous clay-containing arid and semiarid soils.

Biochar has attracted recent research interest as a metal adsorbent. The heavy metal adsorption capacity of biochar can be controlled by the carbonization of biochar. The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) by peat moss-derived biochars produced under different carbonization conditions were investigated by a series of batch experiments. Biochars were produced by the pyrolysis of peat moss over a temperature range of 400–1000 °C for 30–90 min. Biochar produced at 800 °C for 90 min was the most efficient for the removal of Pb and Cu, when weight loss ratio was considered. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models adequately described kinetics and isotherms, respectively, of heavy metal adsorption on peat moss-derived biochar, indicating that heavy metal ions were chemically adsorbed on the adsorption sites as uniform monolayer. The peat moss-derived biochar showed the highest maximum adsorption capacity for Pb (81.3 mg/g), followed by Cd and Cu, which were 39.8 and 18.2 mg/g, respectively. This study shows that peat moss-derived biochar is an effective adsorbent to remediate heavy metal-contaminated water.

A sensitive, high-throughput, and cost-effective method for screening bacterial pathogens in the environment was developed. A variety of environmental samples, including aerosols, soil of various types (sand, sand/clay mix, and clay), wastewater, and vegetable surface (modeled by tomato), were concomitantly spiked with Salmonella enterica and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa to determine recovery rates and limits of detection. The various matrices were first enriched with a general pre-enrichment broth in a dilution series and then enumerated by most probable number (MPN) estimation using quantitative PCR for rapid screening of amplicon presence. Soil and aerosols were then tested in non-spiked environmental samples, as these matrices are prone to large experimental variation. Limit of detection in the various soil types was 1–3 colony-forming units (CFU) g⁻¹; on vegetable surface, 5 CFU per tomato; in treated wastewater, 5 CFU L⁻¹; and in aerosols, >300 CFU mL⁻¹. Our method accurately identified S. enterica in non-spiked environmental soil samples within a day, while traditional methods took 4 to 5 days and required sorting through biochemically and morphologically similar species. Likewise, our method successfully identified P. aeruginosa in non-spiked aerosols generated by a domestic wastewater treatment system. The obtained results suggest that the developed method presents a broad approach for the rapid, efficient, and reliable detection of relatively low densities of pathogenic organisms in challenging environmental samples.

The removal of fluoride from water by an aluminum-modified hematite and a zeolitic tuff using column adsorption techniques, as well as the effects of temperature, were investigated. Column experiments were carried out using aqueous solutions and drinking water with different bed depths. The dynamics of the adsorption process were fitted to Adams–Bohart, Thomas and bed depth service time (BDST) models. The Thomas model was found suitable for the description of breakthrough curve at all experimental conditions, while Adams–Bohart model was only useful for an initial part of dynamic behavior of the removal of fluoride from water by aluminum-modified hematite and zeolitic tuff columns. The highest uptake capacities (3.24 and 2.37 mg/g for the modified zeolitic tuff and hematite respectively) were obtained with a 4-cm bed depth column, an inlet 10 mg/L fluoride solution, and a flow rate of 1 mL/min, but the adsorption capacities decreased when drinking water were used. Experimental data were good fitted to both models, and the parameters of the processes calculated indicated that these materials are suitable for removal of fluoride from water in column systems. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔS, ΔG, and ΔH) were calculated for the aluminum-modified hematite and zeolitic tuff from the sorption data at temperatures between 287 and 333 K, indicating spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable adsorption and suggest that the sorption of fluoride ions by both adsorbents is an endothermic process and the mechanism is physical sorption.

High levels of marine salt deposition present in coastal areas have a relevant effect on road runoff characteristics. This study assesses this effect with the purpose of identifying the relationships between monitored water quality parameters and intrinsic site variables. To achieve this objective, an extensive monitoring program was conducted on a Portuguese coastal highway. The study included 30 rainfall events, in different weather, traffic, and salt deposition conditions. The evaluations of various water quality parameters were carried out in over 200 samples. In addition, the meteorological, hydrological, and traffic parameters were continuously measured. The salt deposition rates were determined by means of a wet candle device, which is an innovative feature of the monitoring program. The relation between road runoff pollutants and independent variables associated with weather, traffic, and salt deposition conditions was assessed. Significant correlations among pollutants were observed. A high salinity concentration and its influence on the road runoff were confirmed. Furthermore, the concentrations of the most relevant pollutants seemed to be very dependent on some meteorological variables, particularly the duration of the antecedent dry period prior to each rainfall event and the average wind speed.

In this study, two carbon materials [chicken manure biochar (CMB) and black carbon (BC)] were investigated for their effects on the reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in two spiked [600 mg Cr(VI) kg⁻¹] and one tannery waste contaminated [454 mg Cr(VI) kg⁻¹] soils. In spiked soils, both the rate and the maximum extent of reduction of Cr(VI) to trivalent Cr [Cr(III)] were higher in the sandy loam than clay soil, which is attributed to the difference in the extent of Cr(VI) adsorption between the soils. The highest rate of Cr(VI) reduction was observed in BC-amended sandy loam soil, where it reduced 452 mg kg⁻¹ of Cr(VI), followed by clay soil (427 mg kg⁻¹) and tannery soil (345 mg kg⁻¹). X-ray photoelectron microscopy confirmed the presence of both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species in BC within 24 h of addition of Cr(VI), which proved its high reduction capacity. The resultant Cr(III) species either adsorbs or precipitates in BC and CMB. The addition of carbon materials to the tannery soil was also effective in decreasing the phytotoxicity of Cr(VI) in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants. Therefore, it is concluded that the addition of carbon materials enhanced the reduction of Cr(VI) and the subsequent immobilization of Cr(III) in soils.

Under various abiotic stresses, plants overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O₂•⁻), hydroxyl radical (OH•), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). When in excess, these highly reactive molecules cause oxidative stress, thus damaging proteins, lipids, and DNA. Therefore, plants evolved an enzymatic defense machinery that involves such enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX). Various plant families, species and even specimens differ in their ability to withstand the abiotic stress. A study has been undertaken to assess the differences in response to trace metals between two species: a resistant hyperaccumulator Indiana mustard (Brassica juncea) and a metal-sensitive pea (Pisum sativum). We observed that trace elements (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) changed the activity of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, APOX, CAT) and the rate of ROS generation. However, in the control plants and at a point 0′ of the treatment, we have noticed a large disproportion in the hydrogen peroxide level, with B. juncea maintaining naturally higher H₂O₂level (up to 40 times higher). We believe that this may be a distinguishing trait common to plants being resistant to oxidative stress.

A novel plastic optical fiber (POF) sensor was investigated to monitor total suspended solids (TSS) concentration continuously, offering insights into wastewater treatment bioreactors without disturbing them. First, off-line experiments with both anaerobic and aerobic sludge (in concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 8.6 g TSS L⁻¹) were used to establish the exponential relationship of the sensor’s transmitted optical power with TSS concentrations. Attenuation coefficients differed clearly with the type of sludge (1.227–1.274 and 0.456–0.679 for anaerobic and aerobic biomass, respectively) and, in the case of the aerobic sludge, with its coloring. The POF sensor was further used for online monitoring of sludge settling profiles inside a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) that was being operated under a “feast-famine” regime. The turbidity profiles agreed very well with the Boltzmann equation. The Boltzmann dx parameter revealed clear differences in the steepness of the settling gradients, which could be explained by the changes in the applied organic loading rates (OLR). OLR in the range of 1.34–1.53 g COD L⁻¹ day⁻¹ resulted in steeper settling gradients than OLR in the range of 2.13–3.12 g COD L⁻¹ day⁻¹ (dx: 0.42–0.50 vs. 0.90–1.36). Thus, the POF sensor not only revealed elevated potential for prediction of biomass concentration but also for becoming an integral part of real-time automation systems in order to diminish repeated sampling and off-line analysis to control the withdrawal phase based on seasonal sludge settling profiles.

The internal concentration represented by the critical body residue (CBR) is an ideal indicator to reflect the intrinsic toxicity of a chemical. Whilst some studies have been performed on CBR, the effect of exposure route on internal toxicity has not been investigated for fish. In this paper, acute toxicity data to fish comprising LC₅₀ and LD₅₀ values were used to investigate CBR. The results showed that exposure route can significantly affect the internal concentration. LD₅₀ and CBR calculated from LC₅₀ and BCF both vary independently of hydrophobicity as expressed by log Kₒw; conversely, LC₅₀ is related to log Kₒw. A poor relationship was observed between LC₅₀ and LD₅₀, but the relationship can be improved significantly by introduction of log Kₒw because log CBR is positively related to log LD₅₀. The parallel relationship of log CBR-log Kₒw and log LD₅₀-log Kₒw indicates that LD₅₀ does not reflect the actual internal concentration. The average LD₅₀ is close to the average CBR for less inert and reactive compounds, but greater than the average CBR for baseline compounds. This difference is due to the lipid fraction being the major storage site for most of the baseline compounds. Investigation on the calculated and observed CBRs shows that calculated CBRs are close to observed CBRs for most of compounds. However, systemic deviations of calculated CBRs have been observed for some compounds. The reasons for these systemic deviations may be attributed to BCF, equilibrium time and experimental error of LC₅₀. These factors are important and should be considered in the calculation of CBRs.