Analysis of water quality of five tank water samples in Tiptur taluk through 18 physico-chemical parameters, namely WT, pH, DO, BOD, EC, TDS, TA, TH, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was taken up during December 2010 to November 2012. A systematic calculation of correlation coefficient among these 18 physico-chemical parameters was carried out using Microsoft excel spreadsheet. A correlation coefficient of 1.00 was found between the TA-HCO3- pair in Eachanur and V. Mallenahalli samples and the pair is perfectly correlated, whereas, ‘r’ value was 0.99 in Halkurke and Honnavalli samples and 0.97 in Albur samples. EC and TDS were perfectly correlated in Halkurke samples and for the same pair ‘r’ value was 0.99 in Eachanur, V. Mallenahalli and Honnavalli samples, whereas it was 0.85 in Albur samples. BOD and PO43- were perfectly correlated in Eachanur samples. When r > ± 0.5 was considered, a total of 22 positive and 3 negative correlations in Eachanur samples | 18 positive and 9 negative correlations in V. Mallenahalli samples | 31 positive and 2 negative correlations in Halkurke samples | 36 positive and 6 negative correlations in Honnavalli samples | and 18 positive and 5 negative correlations in Albur samples were found during the analysis. For a better interpretation of the results, the coefficient of determination was used in addition to ‘r’ value.Analysis of water quality of five tank water samples in Tiptur taluk through 18 physico-chemical parameters, namely WT, pH, DO, BOD, EC, TDS, TA, TH, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, NO3-, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was taken up during December 2010 to November 2012. A systematic calculation of correlation coefficient among these 18 physico-chemical parameters was carried out using Microsoft excel spreadsheet. A correlation coefficient of 1.00 was found between the TA-HCO3- pair in Eachanur and V. Mallenahalli samples and the pair is perfectly correlated, whereas, ‘r’ value was 0.99 in Halkurke and Honnavalli samples and 0.97 in Albur samples. EC and TDS were perfectly correlated in Halkurke samples and for the same pair ‘r’ value was 0.99 in Eachanur, V. Mallenahalli and Honnavalli samples, whereas it was 0.85 in Albur samples. BOD and PO43- were perfectly correlated in Eachanur samples. When r > ± 0.5 was considered, a total of 22 positive and 3 negative correlations in Eachanur samples | 18 positive and 9 negative correlations in V. Mallenahalli samples | 31 positive and 2 negative correlations in Halkurke samples | 36 positive and 6 negative correlations in Honnavalli samples | and 18 positive and 5 negative correlations in Albur samples were found during the analysis. For a better interpretation of the results, the coefficient of determination was used in addition to ‘r’ value.

Expansive soils show extensive volume and their strength changes at varying moisture content due to their chemical composition. This causes significant structural damage to foundations, including pavements. One way of overcoming these problems in soils is to stabilize them with admixtures. Owing to this fact, continuous researches have been carried out and still being carried out by individuals, firms and institutions on ways to improve the engineering properties of soils. The need to bring down the cost of soil stabilizers and the environmental damage has led to intense global research towards economic utilization of wastes for engineering purposes. Bagasse ash is a waste-product of the sugar refining industry. This study was carried out to determine the effect of bagasse ash utilization for road application on clay. The laboratory investigations are carried out to examine the index and engineering properties of the soil sample. The soil falls under CI category of Indian standard soil classification system. The experiments have been carried out to study the changes in the properties of soil such as plasticity characteristics, free swell index, pH, calcium carbonate content, total dissolved solids and cation exchange capacity using bagasse ash in varying percentages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The study shows promising results with effective utilization of bagasse ash in the improvement of soil strength.

Leachate recirculation is a leachate management technique and an option for faster stabilization of MSW. The objective of this research is to highlight the effects of leachate recirculation on waste stabilization in simulated bioreactor. The study was conducted in a laboratory in a cylindrical shaped bioreactor loaded with MSW waste maintained under controlled anaerobic condition. The leachate quality was regularly measured and operating parameters like pH, VFA, alkalinity, etc. were found in the optimum range of anaerobic degradation. The leachate recirculated bioreactor is an effective option for MSW management, as COD removal observed was 96% during the study period. These observations indicate that the leachate recirculation technique is a viable approach to treat landfill leachate and stabilize the MSW.

The coastal region of Bangladesh has been identified as the most climate induced, hazard-prone, hard-to-reach area in Bangladesh. The conventional drinking water sources (rivers, ponds, groundwater) in the coastal area have become contaminated recently due to saltwater intrusion from the rising sea levels and frequent natural disaster. Household rainwater harvesting could be an alternative measure for reducing impact of climate change on water supplies because of the availability of rainwater. This study is to explore the potential of household rainwater harvesting for drinking purposes in the coastal area of Bangladesh. Rainwater harvesting is found technically feasible on the basis of rainfall pattern, household roof constructing material, and roof size. The annual rainfall of over 1900mm with inter annual variability of 0.18, makes the rainwater harvesting ideal in the coastal areas. Harvested rainwater can satisfy household monthly drinking water demand from March to October. The excess rainwater stored in September and October is sufficient to meet the demand in the dry months (November to February) provided there is adequate storage facility. The quality of stored rainwater was satisfactory from chemical parameters perspective and additional treatment is recommended for the harvested rainwater due to frequent detection of microbial contamination.

Biological evaluation is a useful alternative for rating the ecological quality of aquatic ecosystems, as biological communities amalgamate the environmental effects of water chemistry. To recognize the nature of species composition of phytoplankton and their significance, the present surveillance was made for a period of twelve months in a sacred water body in Belgaum district. The study exposed the occurrence of 50 phytoplankton species belonging to 26 genera. Among these, 19 genera are identified as most pollution tolerant genera. According to the list, dominant group was represented by Bacillariophyceae followed by Chlorophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The algal flora of this sacred water body showed the dominance of Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, Ankistrodesmus, Coelastrum, Cyclotella, Navicula, Nitzschia, Synedra, Melosira, Euglena, Lepocinclis and Phacus. These floating, inconspicuous primary producers of aquatic ecosystem are indicators of organic pollution. The present paper highlights the assessment of water quality status using pollution index based on the phytoplankton community of water.

In the present article, a perspective method of biological sorption process of wastewater treatment in the chemical industry is reviewed. This article focuses on the carbonate sludge produced by heat power stations that is used as a sorption material, and adsorption properties of carbonate sludge and its influence on activated sludge are considered. Sludge is a micro and mesoporous sorbent, which is confirmed by the sorption curves for formaldehyde and ammonia nitrogen. Removal of ammonia nitrogen and reduction of COD and BOD5 in aqueous solutions by means of carbonate sludge was investigated. It was observed that the maximum removal of COD, BOD5 and ammonium nitrogen was achieved at 600 mg/L dosage adsorbent carbonate sludge. This dose helped to reduce COD in water by 91% on the average, BOD5 by 98% and ammonium nitrogen by 94%. It was found that the biological sorption process is more effective than biological wastewater treatment. A modified biological wastewater treatment line was submitted to the Kazan Synthetic Rubber Plant (Russia).

The aim of the present study is to find suitable probability distributions which describe best the monthly rainfall volume during monsoon (MRM) for each of the thirteen districts which constitute Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) meteorological sub-division of India. For this purpose, 18 continuous probability distributions are employed to examine the fitness of time series data of 113 years (1901-2013). The parameters of the distributions are estimated either by maximum likelihood, moments or L-moments method. Based on goodness of fit (GOF) tests viz., Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling and Chi-Squared, three separate rankings are given to each of the distributions for all the districts. Further, a method of scoring, based on ranking, has been adopted to pick up the best fitted distribution for each district. Log-Logistic (LL) distribution comes out as the most suitable for five districts whereas, for a particular district, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Pearson 5 (P5) distributions jointly rank first among all the distributions. Individually, P5 explains best the monthly rainfall of two districts while GEV is found to be most suitable for another district. Log-Pearson 3 (LP3), 3-parameter Dagum (D3), 4-parameter Generalized Gamma (GG4) and 3-parameter Generalized Gamma (GG3) are the others which are found to be most candidate distributions for one district each. Finally, MRM, for all the districts, is estimated for different return periods. Probability of occurrences of MRM, at various points of exceedance, has also been calculated.

Pollution is a critical environmental issue. Currently an enormous amount of wastewater and fresh concrete waste aggregates are being produced by the ready mix concrete industry throughout the world. The concrete washout water and excess fresh concrete aggregates are hazardous for disposal due to their high pH value (pH >12). Improper disposal of such wastewater and fresh concrete aggregates results in high environmental pollution. This study envisages an overview of the current state of knowledge about the reuse of hazardous wastewater and concrete in an environmentally acceptable manner. This study was motivated by the necessity to recycle the wastewater and fresh concrete aggregates resulting from washing out the concrete mixing trucks. Laboratory investigation was conducted and from the test results, it is identified that the performance and properties of concrete is not affected by the reuse of this hazardous wastewater and recycled aggregates.

Dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+-N, total phosphorus (TP), CODMn and BOD5 in water in the Hechuan segment of Fujing River were monitored to assess water pollution in the river scientifically. Water pollution indexes were analysed and their pollution load-sharing ratios were calculated by using single pollution index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method, respectively. Results show that the water quality in 25% of the monitored sections can be considered clean and the water quality of 75% of the sections can be considered slightly polluted in two water functional zones in the Hechuan segment of Fujiang River with water quality control targets of Level III and Level IV, respectively. Water quality declines from upstream to downstream. DO does not exceed standards in all the sections. NH4+-N significantly contributes to water pollution in all the sections | as a consequence, NH4+-N is a major pollution index in the entire Fujiang River. In some sections, TP, CODMn and BOD5 yield high pollution load sharing ratios. The distribution of the main pollution sources of different sections shows that the pollution indexes exceeding standards are mainly influenced by various pollution factors, such as cultivation, industrial wastewater, urban and rural domestic sewage, and agricultural non-point sources. Therefore, relevant preventive measures and recommendations are provided as a reference of the comprehensive control of water pollution in the Hechuan segment of Fujiang River.

Water resources have major effects on the temporal and spatial distribution of land use in oases and arid regions. To determine the response relation between water consumption and the land use of the oasis in the Tarim river basin, Xinjiang, China, we conducted a study analyzing the temporal and spatial synchronization in this basin by employing hydrological data, land-use maps (for 2000, 2005, and 2010), and the spatial analysis tool ArcGIS. Results show that the water consumption in the Tarim river basin fluctuated noticeably from 2000 to 2010 and was mainly concentrated in July. A close relationship was established between land-use type and water body, and the range of land fluctuation was related to the distance between these two variables. A turning point was observed two kilometers from the land site to the water body for most land-use types. The dynamic degree of unused land, forest land and grassland decreased continuously, whereas that of cultivated land, farmland and residential land increased continuously. The increase and decrease were primarily concentrated in the cultivated and unused lands, respectively. These findings also have implications in the exploration of water resources management, changing water consumption and its effects on the land use of oasis in Tarim river basin.