Measurements of microplastics in biota and abiotic matrices are key elements of exposure and risk assessments for this emerging environmental pollutant. We investigated the abundance of microplastics in field-collected biota, sediment and water. An improved sediment extraction method, based on density separation was developed. For analysis of microplastics in biota we found that an adapted enzymatic digestion protocol using proteinase K performed best, with a 97% recovery of spiked plastic particles and no observed degradation effects on the plastics in subsequent Raman analysis. Field analysis revealed that 8 of 9 tested invertebrate species from the North Sea and 68% of analyzed individuals of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Swedish West Coast had microplastics in them. Based on the number of plastic particles per kg d.w. the microplastic concentrations found in mussels were approximately a thousand-fold higher compared to those in sediment and surface water samples from the same location.

Worldwide, crude palm oil industries generate an overwhelming amount of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Since the past few decades, environmental issues associated with POME disposal have challenged the palm oil-producing nations which led them to reevaluate and develop their waste management strategies by using advanced biotreatment technologies. With the help of these technological advances, POME has emerged as a valuable biomass resource with great potential to produce sustainable renewable resources like biogas. This review entails various POME treatment methods in vogue and offers an insight into their improved applicability potential and pollution mitigation strategies by using proposed improved configurations like ponding system, open digesting tanks, anaerobic digestion based-bioreactors, aerobic anaerobic hybrid bioreactors, and membrane bioreactors. This review paper also gives an overview about the recent advancements in POME treatment bioreactor configurations and emphasizing their scope in large-scale applications on an industrial level. This review also critically analyzes their performance level to achieve the standard POME discharge limit by efficiently removing high COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand), and TSS (total suspended solid).

A study was conducted to quantify temporal variations in physiological responses of Kandelia obovata under multiple heavy metal stress. The results showed that plant growth was not significantly affected by multiple heavy metal stress during the 120-days experiment. At the start, levels of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) showed effects of “low-promotion, high-inhibition”, but Pn and Gs reduced with increasing heavy metal stress at the end. Temporary lipid oxidation was shown by high levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) under high heavy metal stress at the start but was unaffected at the end of the experiment. MDA negatively correlated with biomass and photosynthetic parameters and acted as a sensitive indicator. Proline also shared similar trend and indicated its temporary role in osmotic adjustment. Negative correlations between osmotic adjustment matter and photosynthetic parameters further confirmed the significant role of osmotic adjustment under heavy metal stress.

The geochemistry of rare earth elements (REE) in surface sediment from Cuarteron reef (N1), Johnson reef (N2), Hugh reef (N3), Gaven reef (N4), Fiery cross reef (N5), and Subi reef (N6) were firstly studied. The total REE abundance (∑REE) varied from 2.244μg·g−1 to 21.661μg·g−1, with an average of 4.667μg·g−1. The LREE/HREE was from 2.747 to 9.869, with an average of 3.687, which indicated that the light REE was evidently enriched. Fractionation was observed between LREE and HREE. Gd with a negative anomaly was also detected in all of the stations. The negative anomalies of δEu from 0.11 to 0.25, with an average of 0.22, and the positive anomalies of δCe from 1.38 to 3.86, with an average of 1.63. The REE individual correlation values with Ca, Mn, Mg, Sr were rCa=−0.05, rMn=0.26, rMg=−0.14, and rSr=0.08.

This study evaluated the influence of foraging preferences on microplastic ingestion by six marine fish species from the Texas Gulf Coast. A total of 1381 fish were analyzed and 42.4% contained ingested microplastic, inclusive of fiber (86.4%), microbead (12.9% %), and fragment (<1.0%) forms. Despite a substantial overlap in diet, ordination of ingested prey items clustered samples into distinctive species groupings, reflective of the foraging gradient among species. Orthopristis chrysoptera displayed the lowest overall frequency of microplastic ingestion and the most distinctive ordination grouping, indicating their selective invertebrate foraging preferences. Cluster analysis of O. chrysoptera most closely classified microplastic with the ingestion of benthic invertebrates, whereas the ingestion of microplastic by all other species most closely classified with the ingestion of vegetation and shrimp. O. chrysoptera, as selective invertebrate foragers, are less likely to ingest microplastics than species exhibiting generalist foraging preferences and methods of prey capture.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary assessment of the potential impacts of Atlantic Canadian seafood processing effluents on the aquatic environment through physical-chemical characterization. Shellfish and finfish effluent samples were collected and characterized by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), adsorbable organic halides (AOX), soluble BOD5 and soluble COD. Effluent concentration ranges were BOD5 (179 to 276mgL−1), COD (458 to 1717mgL−1), turbidity (28.8 to 88.3NTU), TSS (27.2 to 120.1mgL−1), NH3-N (1.5 to 12.9mgL−1) and AOX (3.2 and 0.4mgL−1) for flatfish and salmon processing effluents respectively, and cleanup shift AOX (3.5 and 0.5mgL−1). The characteristics of these effluents assessed have the potential to contaminate and degrade receiving water body environments. Improved performance may be possible with further treatment technology optimization on an effluent-specific basis.

Controlling phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural soils remains a priority pollution concern in much of the world. Dissolved forms of P loss are among the most difficult to manage. The concept of soil P sorption saturation, the extent to which a soil’s binding sites for P are occupied, emerged from the Netherlands in the 1990s and has broad appeal as both environmental indicator and management paradigm. For hydrologically active and connected soils, P sorption saturation is responsible for the stubborn problem of legacy P, resulting in long-term release of dissolved forms of P from soils. Short- and long-term mitigation options for elevated soil P sorption saturation do exist, all with trade-offs that require adoption of new mitigation and prevention strategies. Ultimately, better incorporation of soil P sorption saturation into both crop fertility and environmental management programs is needed to promote the sustainable management of P in agricultural production systems.

Butter clams, blue mussels, and Nuttall's cockle are important traditional food of the Gitga'at First Nation in Canada. Samples were collected and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) from the Gitga'at harvest sites from 2006 to 2015 to: 1) establish baseline conditions; 2) determine the likely source; 3) understand species specific response to spills; and 4) evaluate health risk associated with consumption. Baseline lipid normalized-total PAH in mussels was 2.36 (±2.86, 95%CI) μg/g in mussels, 3.26(±4.14) μg/g in clams and 3.98 (±4.98) μg/g in cockles. PAHs varied according to proximity to point sources and became less petrogenic through time. Concentrations of PAHs were elevated in all three species following diesel spills but returned to baseline levels within 5months. However, Gitga'at harvesters avoided bivalves from spill-affected habitats for several years because of their detection of reduced quality and palatability, highlighting the importance of incorporating local knowledge into future monitoring programs.

Plastic pollution has been the subject of much research in the last decade. Seabirds can mistake plastic fragments for prey, which can perforate or block the digestive tract and cause ulcers. Most commonly, seabirds accumulate this indigestible matter in their stomachs, obtaining no nutrition and may die from starvation. Certain species of seabirds however, have the ability of regurgitating indigestible matter in the form of pellets. This study aimed to investigate the ingestion of plastics by live seabirds through the examination of regurgitated pellets (n=92) from a Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) breeding colony and a winter roost in Ireland. Plastic prevalence was consistently 3.2% at both sites. The presence of plastic litter highlights the fact that all species of seabird are susceptible to interact with marine litter regardless of feeding habits, although at different rates. More research is needed to understand the driving factors involved in plastic ingestion among different species.