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peer reviewed | Recently, the World Health Organization’s International Association for Research on Cancer classified outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans and puts air pollution in the same category as tobacco smoke, UV radiation, and plutonium. The ambient air is polluted by emissions from motor vehicles, industrial processes, power generation, household combustion of solid fuel, and other sources. Dust storms lead to particulate levels that exceed internationally recommended levels, especially near the Sahara. However, this source of air pollution appears to be under-studied, particularly in the literature devoted to human health impacts in West Africa. More than 50 % of the total dust emitted into the atmosphere comes from the Sahara. These aerosols contribute to increase the concentrations of particles smaller than 10 μm (PM10), which are breathable particles. This study is the first designed to assess the real impact of Saharan dust on air quality and respiratory health of children in a region of West Africa. Dust events having affected the Northern Benin during the dry seasons between 2003 and 2007 were determined. The analyzed health data are the monthly rates of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). Over the entire study period, 61 days of dust events were observed in the region. They recorded on average a daily PM10 concentration of 1017 μg m−3, more than 18 times higher than that calculated on all days without dust events. The study also highlighted a mean increase of 12.5 % of ALRI rates during the months recording dust events. The use of daily health data should help to refine these initial results in the future.

peer reviewed | Metallothioneins are signals of metal exposure and widely used in biomonitoring. Franciscana dolphin is an endemic cetacean from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, classified as Vulnerable A3d by the IUCN. Metallothionein, copper and zinc in Franciscana were assessed in two geographic groups; one inhabits La Plata River estuary, anthropogenically impacted, and the other inhabits marine coastal ecosystems, with negligible pollution. Despite the environment, hepatic and renal MT concentrations were similar, but there was a declining trend from early to later developmental stages. Metallothionein K/L, Cu and Zn levels corresponded to normal reported ranges. MT was not related with Cd. Fetal concentrations were higher than its mother. These results and the health status of dolphins are suggesting that MT correspond to physiological ranges for the species, and they are closely to homeostasis of Zn and Cu, according to its ontogenetic changes. The information constitutes the first MT information on Franciscana dolphin and can be considered as baseline for the species conservation.

peer reviewed | Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon were measured in a tropical freshwater ecosystem to evaluate the contamination level of biota and examine the bioaccumulation patterns of pollutants through the food web. Chemical analyses showed a general and heavy contamination of the entire food web. They revealed the strong accumulation of pollutants by juveniles of diadromous fishes and shrimps, as they re-enter the river. The role of ecological factors in the bioaccumulation of pesticides was evaluated. Whereas the most persistent pollutants (chlordecone and monohydro-chlordecone) were related to the organisms diet and habitat, bioaccumulation of b-HCH was only influenced by animal lipid content. The biomagnification potential of chlordecone through the food chain has been demonstrated. It highlighted the importance of trophic transfer in this compound bioaccumulation process. In contrast, bioconcentration by passive diffusion from water seemed to be the main exposure route of biota to b-HCH.

Nowadays, promoted as a renewable energy, biomass burning becomes more and more widespread all over the world. In urban and rural areas biomass, mainly wood, is burned for heating, cooking, and waste disposal purposes. This biofuel seems to be an alternative to the rarefaction of the fossil fuel and, moreover it decreases the emission of carbon dioxide causing global warming. However, wood smoke contains various air pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, dioxins... and in consequence has an impact on the air quality. In order to estimate the contribution of wood burning on the atmospheric organic aerosol of urban areas, the French ministry of environment (MEEDDAT), called upon this study during the winter 2006/2007, in the French cities of Grenoble, Lille, Strasbourg and Gennevilliers. For this work, different species have been looked after. The global characterization of the atmospheric aerosols has been made taking in account the PM10, the organic carbon (OC), and the elementary carbon (EC). Measurement of biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) has been undertaken, as well as methoxyphenols, which are more specific wood smoke tracers. The analyses of organic tracers by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer detector (GC/MS) show average concentrations of levoglucosan in the range of 272 ng.m-3 for Gennevilliers to 1 148 ng.m-3 for Grenoble. Mannosan and galactosan have also been measured in all cities but in lower quantities. The methoxyphenols have been detected only in rare occasions and at the limit of detection of the analytical method. PM10 measurements range from 20.6 micro g.m-3 for Gennevilliers to 35.8 micro g.m-3 for Grenoble. At the same time, OC values range from 3.61 micro g.m-3 to 11.15 micro g.m-3. Moreover high correlations have been observed between levoglucosan and OC, respectively 0.80 and 0.86 for Grenoble and Strasbourg. In addition, with respectively 10.98 ng.m-3 and 8.20 ng.m-3, Grenoble and Strasbourg present the highest particulate PAHs average concentrations of the four cities. All these results seem to indicate that Grenoble and Strasbourg are more impacted by the biomass burning than the two other cities. And more particularly in Grenoble where the organic aerosol fraction is very huge, this last phenomenon is typically characteristic of the biomass burning. To conclude, this study shows and confirms the usefulness of levoglucosan as biomass burning tracer and the difficulty to use methoxyphenols as woodsmoke tracers in ambient areas. | De nos jours, l'utilisation du bois en tant que combustible est relativement répandue en France et dans le monde entier. L'augmentation du prix du pétrole et des autres sources d'énergie épuisables va certainement engendrer dans les années à venir une contribution accrue du chauffage domestique au bois. L'utilisation de cette source d'énergie renouvelable pose cependant de nombreux problèmes sur la santé humaine. En effet, la fumée émise lors de la combustion du bois contient un certain nombre de composés polluants, tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), le benzène, les fines particules (PM10, PM2,5)... Les émissions de la combustion du bois ont donc un impact sur la qualité de l'air. Cet impact peut être évalué par l'étude de traceurs organiques spécifiques de la combustion du bois identifiables au sein de la composante organique des aérosols. Ces traceurs sont des produits provenant de la combustion de la cellulose et de l'hémicellulose tels que le lévoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan et des composés issus de la thermodégradation de la lignine tels que les méthoxyphénols. Cette méthode a été appliquée à une étude commanditée à l'INERIS par le ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement Durable et de l'Aménagement du Territoire (MEEDDAT), en partenariat avec des Associations agréées de la surveillance de la qualité de l'air (AASQA). L'objectif était de caractériser l'influence de la combustion du bois sur la composante organique de l'aérosol atmosphérique en site urbain. Des prélèvements d'aérosols ont été effectués sur une période allant de novembre 2006 à avril 2007, dans quatre grandes villes de France : Grenoble, Lille, Strasbourg, et Gennevilliers. L'analyse par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de masse (GC/MS) des traceurs organiques les plus stables, lévoglucosan, mannosan et galactosan, confirme l'influence de cette source sur la qualité de l'air des quatre villes. Sur la période d'étude, la concentration moyenne en lévoglucosan varie de 272 ng.m-3 pour la ville de Gennevilliers à 1 148 ng.m-3 pour la ville de Grenoble. La confrontation des résultats de ces traceurs avec les données usuelles de caractérisation de l'aérosol, telles que le carbone organique (OC) et le carbone élémentaire (EC), montre une participation du chauffage au bois plus importante dans les villes de Grenoble et de Strasbourg. Les résultats d'analyse du lévoglucosan obtenus sur la ville de Gennevilliers indiquent une très bonne corrélation avec les HAP particulaires et les PM10. Ces résultats prouvent que la combustion du bois joue un rôle important sur la composition de la matière organique de l'aérosol atmosphérique et sur la pollution particulaire en milieu urbain. En revanche, les méthoxyphénols ont été peu détectés sur les divers échantillons analysés.

peer reviewed

peer reviewed | Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were found to differ in the ability to metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Biomagnification factors (BMFs), calculated between both predators and their prey (sole – Solea solea and whiting – Merlangius merlangus), had a large range of variation (between 0.5 and 91 for PCBs and between 0.6 and 53 for PBDEs). For the higher chlorinated PCBs and the highest brominated PBDEs, the BMF values in adult males were significantly higher than in the juvenile individuals of both species. BMF values of hexa- to octa-PCBs were the highest, suggesting reduced ability to degrade these congeners. Harbour porpoises had higher BMFs for lower chlorinated PCBs and for all PBDEs compared to harbour seals. Other factors, which may influence biomagnification, such as the octanol–water partition coefficients and the trophic level position measured through stable isotope (d15N) analysis, were found to be of lesser importance to predict biomagnification in the studied food chain.