The presented study shows that the delivery of marine macrodebris to a high-energy coastal environment has been abundant enough over the last three decades as to allow a spatial reconstruction of morphological change based on production-date prints. A dataset of > 110 spatially discrete samples has been collected in an area affected by overwashing on the Skallingen peninsula, SW Denmark. A conceptual model for the chronological interpretation of the date prints is proposed and cross-compared with a dense time-series of satellite images and orthophotos. It appears that the litter-derived ages are capable of reproducing information on both the timing and the extent of overwash occurrence. Despite the usefulness of the method as a tool for rapidly assessing the approximate age of recent coastal deposits, the study shows the alarming degree and long-standing of marine-litter pollution on the eastern board of the southern North Sea.

peer reviewed | Hydrocarbons are ubiquitous and persistent organic pollutants in the environment. In wetlands and marine environments, particularly in mangrove ecosystems, their increase and significant accumulation result from human activities such as oil and gas exploration and exploitation operations. Remediation of these ecosystems requires the development of adequate and effective strategies. Natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation are all biological soil treatment techniques that can be adapted to mangroves. Our experiments were performed on samples of fresh mangrove sediments from the Cameroon estuary and mainly from the Wouri River in Cameroon. This study aims to assess the degradation potential of a bacterial consortium isolated from mangrove sediment. The principle of our bioremediation experiments is based on a series of tests designed to evaluate the potential of an active indigenous microflora and three exogenous pure strains, to degrade diesel with/without adding nutrients. The experiments were conducted in laboratory flasks and a greenhouse in microcosms. In one case, as in the other, the endogenous microflora showed that it was able to degrade diesel. Under stress of the pollutant, the endogenous microflora fits well enough in the middle to enable metabolism of the pollutant. However, the Rhodococcus strain was more effective over time. The degradation rate was 77 and 90%in the vials containing the sterile sediments and non-sterile sediments, respectively. The results are comparable with those obtained in the microcosms in a greenhouse where only the endogenous microflora were used. The results of this study show that mangrove sediment contains an active microflora that can metabolize diesel. Indigenous and active microflora show an interesting potential for diesel degradation.

The sensitivity of copepods to ocean acidification (OA) and warming may increase with time, however, studies >10 days and on synergistic effects are rare. We therefore incubated late copepodites and females of two dominant Arctic species, Calanus glacialis and C. hyperboreus, at 0 °C at 390 and 3000 µatm pCO2 for several months in fall/winter 2010. Respiration rates, body mass and mortality in both species and life stages did not change with pCO2. To detect synergistic effects, in 2011 C. hyperboreus females were kept at different pCO2 and temperatures (0, 5, 10 °C). Incubation at 10 °C induced sublethal stress, which might have overruled effects of pCO2. At 5 °C and 3000 µatm, body carbon was significantly lowest indicating a synergistic effect. The copepods, thus, can tolerate pCO2 predicted for a future ocean, but in combination with increasing temperatures they could be sensitive to OA.

PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected at 4 and 14 sampling sites, respectively, located in the Metropolitan area of Costa Rica (MACR), during 2010-2011. These sites were representative of commercial, industrial and residential zones of this region. Concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) were analyzed using the IMPROVE thermal-optical reflectance (TOR) method. OC and EC concentrations were higher in commercial and industrial sites and showed clear seasonal variations with higher concentrations observed in the rainy season (May-November) than in the dry season (December-April), due to wind patterns in the study area. Total carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 35% of PM10 and 56% of PM2.5 mass. Good correlation between OC and EC in PM10 (R=0.89-0.75) and PM2.5 (R=0.79-0.64) indicated that they had common dominant sources of combustion such as industrial activities and traffic emissions. The annual average concentrations of estimated SOC (Secondary Organic Carbon) in the MACR PM10 samples showed values between 0.65-8.49 mg/m3, accounting for 48% and 56% of the OC in PM10 and PM2.5 respectively. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified five principal sources for OC and EC in particles: gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, on road traffic, wood smoke and industrial combustion. The contribution of each of the source varied between the PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions. | Se recolectaron muestras de PM2.5 y PM10 en 4 y 14 sitios de muestreo, respectivamente, ubicados en el Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica (MACR), durante 2010-2011. Estos sitios eran representativos de zonas comerciales, industriales y residenciales de esta región. Las concentraciones de carbono elemental (CE) y carbono orgánico (OC) se analizaron utilizando el método IMPROVE termoóptica reflectancia (TOR). Las concentraciones de OC y CE fueron mayores en los sitios comerciales e industriales y mostraron claras variaciones estacionales con concentraciones más altas observadas en la temporada de lluvias (mayo-noviembre) que en la estación seca (diciembre-abril), debido a los patrones de viento en el área de estudio. El aerosol carbonoso total representó el 35% de PM10 y el 56% de la masa de PM2.5. La buena correlación entre OC y EC en PM10 (R = 0,89-0,75) y PM2,5 (R = 0,79-0,64) indicó que tenían fuentes de combustión dominantes comunes como las actividades industriales y las emisiones de tráfico. Las concentraciones medias anuales de SOC (Carbono Orgánico Secundario) estimado en las muestras MACR PM10 mostraron valores entre 0.65-8.49 mg / m3, representando el 48% y 56% de la OC en PM10 y PM2.5 respectivamente. La Factorización de Matriz Positiva (PMF) identificó cinco fuentes principales de OC y EC en partículas: vehículos de gasolina, vehículos diesel, en el tráfico rodado, humo de leña y combustión industrial. La contribución de cada una de las fuentes varió entre las fracciones de tamaño PM10 y PM2.5. | As amostras de PM2.5 e PM10 foram coletadas em 4 e 14 locais de amostragem, respectivamente, localizados na área metropolitana da Costa Rica (MACR), durante 2010-2011. Esses locais eram representativos das zonas comerciais, industriais e residenciais desta região. As concentrações de carbono elementar (CE) e carbono orgânico (OC) foram analisadas usando o método IMPROVE de refletância ótica-térmica (TOR). As concentrações de OC e EC foram maiores nos locais comerciais e industriais e mostraram claras variações sazonais com maiores concentrações observadas na estação chuvosa (maio-novembro) do que na estação seca (dezembro-abril), devido aos padrões de vento na área de estudo. O aerossol carbonáceo total foi responsável por 35% da massa de PM10 e 56% da massa de PM2,5. A boa correlação entre OC e EC em PM10 (R = 0,89-0,75) e PM2,5 (R = 0,79-0,64) indicou que eles tinham fontes dominantes comuns de combustão, como atividades industriais e emissões de tráfego. As concentrações médias anuais estimadas de SOC (Carbono Orgânico Secundário) nas amostras MACR PM10 apresentaram valores entre 0,65-8,49 mg / m3, representando 48% e 56% do OC em PM10 e PM2,5 respectivamente. A Fatoração de Matriz Positiva (PMF) identificou cinco fontes principais de CO e CE em partículas: veículos a gasolina, veículos a diesel, no tráfego rodoviário, fumaça de lenha e combustão industrial. A contribuição de cada uma das fontes variou entre as frações de tamanho PM10 e PM2,5. | Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica | Universidad de Costa Rica | Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Mexico | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México | Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales

Modeling water flow in a VFCW is a prerequisite to model wastewater treatment using process based filtering models. As for soils, when the vertical structure varies in different material types, it has a significant impact on water flow passing through it. The heterogeneous filtering material is composed of a mix of mineral porous material, and organic matter which makes its hydraulic characterization a difficult task. Indeed, the porosity may serve as preferential flow paths through which water can bypass most of the soil porous matrix in a largely unpredictable way. Consequently, non-equilibrium conditions in pressure heads are created between preferential flow paths and the soil matrix pore region. Preferential flows limit the applicability of standard models for water flow that are commonly based on Richards’ equation. Even if it is possible to simulate water content variations within a VFCW, we can not correctly model outflow with the standard van Genuchten-Mualem function. A number of various model approaches have been proposed to overcome this problem. These models mostly try to separately describe flow and transport in preferred flow paths and slow or stagnant pore regions. The objective of this study was to compare the various existing models simulating the preferential flows within the French VFCWs. Moreover, by assuming that several layers hydraulically different compose the VFCW, we tested at which layer(s) it is necessary to apply the non-equilibrium models. A tracer experiment was performed to evaluate the non-equilibrium degree. It was conducted on a 100 p.e. plant in operation since 2004. Monitoring consisted in measuring inlet and outlet flows, infiltration rates and water content at a time interval of 1 minute. We used the HYDRUS-1D software package containing various non-equilibrium flow modeling approaches. The physical non-equilibrium transport models were used to simulate outflow, the tracer breakthrough curve as well as water contents within a French-type VFCW. Physical non-equilibrium models include the dual-porosity model (mobile-immobile water model, with water content mass transfer or head mass transfer), and the dual-permeability model (matrix and fracture pore regions). We also applied a bimodal single-domain approach (Durner model) in order to see if it is actually necessary to use non-equilibrium models to effectively simulate VFCW outflow. Performance of the various non-equilibrium models (accuracy and limitation) was assessed by comparing the simulated and measured tracer fluxes using the mean square relative error (MSRE) of prediction. The comparison between measured and simulated tracer breakthrough curves indicates that the non-equilibrium (dual-porosity or dual-permeability model) approach seem to be the most appropriate for simulating preferential flow paths. In addition, simulations reveal that all layers participate in the preferential flow path process. These preferential flow paths are mainly due to the sludge layer that has been developed on the surface of VFCW since its start-up (swelling/shrinking during the feeding/rest periods) and to the network of roots and rhizomes present in it.

Revisamos las consecuencias ecológicas de la deposición de N en las cinco regiones mediterráneas del mundo. La estacionalidad de las precipitaciones y los incendios regulan el ciclo del N en estos ecosistemas con escasez de agua, donde domina la deposición seca de N. La acumulación de nitrógeno en los suelos y en las superficies de las plantas produce picos de disponibilidad con las primeras lluvias invernales. El desacoplamiento entre los flujos de N y la demanda de la planta promueve pérdidas por lixiviación y emisiones de gases. Las diferencias en la disponibilidad de P pueden controlar la respuesta a los aportes de N y la susceptibilidad a la invasión de plantas exóticas. Los pastos invasores se acumulan como combustible durante la estación seca, alterando los regímenes de incendios. California y la cuenca mediterránea son las más amenazadas por la deposición de N; sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada de los impactos de la deposición de N fuera de California. En consecuencia, se necesita más investigación para determinar las cargas críticas para cada región y tipo de vegetación en función de los elementos más sensibles, como los cambios en la composición de las especies de líquenes y el ciclo del N.