Elevated concentrations of trace metals in soil can increase the risk of pollution to ecosystems and human health. This cannot be predicted solely from the total and/or extracted concentration of metals from soil samples, as movement of trace elements to the groundwater is also a result of the flow solution through the vadose zone. The rate at which trace elements move are not usually directly measurable, and thus it must be estimated taking into account water transport through the soil. Therefore, a field portable drop-former rainfall simulator has been designed and used to study trace-element mobility in small field plots. The rainfall simulator permits a wide range of variation in rainfall intensities and provides a homogeneous distribution of the simulated rain in a 0.25 m² plot with low cost per data collected and short time. Performance of the rainfall simulator has been evaluated and a preliminary assessment of the amount of pollutants present in the soil (As, Cu and Zn) that can reach groundwater via soil drainage is made by combining rainfall-simulation experiments with infiltration estimates based on a stochastic model of the local climate. The study was conducted in soils affected by the Aznalcóllar toxic spill in the Guadiamar river basin (Spain). Infiltration experiments reveal that the trace elements could be classified according to their mobility as As < Cu < Zn. The presence of high gravel content below this depth increased the amount of drainage and therefore the risk of groundwater pollution, especially with Zn, which was found below 50 cm depth.

In order to implement best environmental management practices in agricultural watershed, it is necessary to evaluate non point source pollution loads and identify critical watershed pollution sources, which are regional management priority missions. Nutrient related non point source pollutant inputs can increase primary production and intensify water eutrophication. Not all watershed areas are critical and responsible for high amount nutrient pollution losses. Implementation of watershed environmental prevention is required to assess pollution yields. Further more, identification of these critical areas is essential for the effective and efficient implementation of watershed best environmental management. In this study, a geographic information system based Soil and Water Assessment Tool was applied in Bahe River watershed, a part of the Yangtze River basin. Land use, soil series texture and daily rainfall data for a 10-year period (1996-2005) was used in this study. The calibrated model system was verified to estimate average annual Organic Nitrogen and Organic Phosphorus yields in these 10 years. The estimated results were also tested and optimized by statistical software. Based on 10-year average yearly Organic Nitrogen yield and Organic Phosphorus losses, critical sub-watersheds were identified. The five sub-watersheds in the north part of watershed were under more intensive pollution yield, west group sub-watersheds contributed to moderate losses, whereas other sub-watersheds fell under slight loading classes. The research outputs developed a basis for an effective watershed environmental management plan. The study revealed that the Soil and Water Assessment Tool could be applied successfully for identifying critical sub-watersheds for watershed best environmental management purposes.

Measurements of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous and nitric acids as well as ozone were made using newly developed instrumentation onboard the research vessel Aegeon in the Aegean Sea between 25th-29th July 2000. Typical nitrogen dioxide concentrations observed aboard the boat were 4-6 ppb (v/v) with a broad maximum of 20-30 ppb (v/v). Ozone concentrations typically ranged between 40 and 80 ppb (v/v). Mixing ratios of both nitric and nitrous acids in the ambient air of the Aegean Sea were mainly below 50 ppt (v/v). The data also showed a number of short pollution episodes with rapid changes in the concentration of reactive nitrogen compounds [nitrogen dioxide maximum up to 164 ppb (v/v), nitric acid maximum up to 12 ppb (v/v), nitrous acid maximum up to 2.7 ppb (v/v)] and ozone [maximum up to 88 ppb (v/v)]. These episodes were correlated with pollution plumes originating from boats upwind, at short distance, from the R/V Aegeon. The measurements revealed the importance of nitrous and nitric acids for the transport of nitrogen to marine biota in busy ship lanes.

Natural conditions and human activities have caused serious quality degradation of the Quaternary aquifer in the north of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The aquifer within Ajman City is unconfined, receiving limited recharge (12 542 m³/day) from the east and large pollutants flux (4,800 m³/day) from land surface. Field survey and laboratory analyses revealed anomalies in groundwater salinity (TDS), total hardness (TH), dissolved oxygen (DO), cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺), anions ( [graphic removed] , [graphic removed] , Cl⁻ and [graphic removed] ) and trace elements (Fe, Pb, Cd and Cr), which can be correlated to point and non-point pollution sources. Concentrations of trace elements are more responsive to anthropogenic sources than natural ones. High Fe and Pb levels were measured close to the untreated sewage disposal site, while high Cd and Cr contents were observed near hospitals and clinics. Iso-concentration maps of salinity and major ions, in addition to hydrochemical profiles were used to define the seawater-groundwater interface in Ajman City. The potentiometric surface map of the Quaternary aquifer within the study area shows that groundwater flows from the east towards the Arabian Gulf in the west. The proposed landfill site is suitable because it lies within a topographic low, receiving groundwater flow from all directions.

This study reports the evaluation of chemical composition of a Black Vistula and White Vistula streams' waters taking into consideration both geological conditions of the stream's catchment area and different water' level related to seasonal variations in particular catchment ecosystem (high stage: beginning of the vegetation period; medium stage: vegetation period; low stage: final time of vegetation period). The complex data matrix (744 observations), obtained by the determination of major inorganic analytes (Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) in water samples by ion chromatography was treated by linear discriminant analysis and non-parametrical testing. In case of both streams obtained results indicate presence of two discriminant functions (DFs). The data variance explained by DFs is as follows: Black Vistula stream--first DF: 93.5%, second DF: 6.5%; White Vistula stream--first DF: 66.3%, second DF: 33.7%. In case of Black Vistula stream first DF allows distinction of medium, high and low waterstage related samples while second DF between high/low and medium water stage related samples. In case of White Vistula stream first DF allowed to distinguish between medium/high and low water stage related samples while second DF between medium and high water level samples. In case of both streams, the most informative DFs were related to geological conditions of investigated catchments (contents of Cl⁻, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻), while the second to nutrient biocycle (mainly NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻) related to slope's exposition and inclination.

Nonlinear reactive transport problems can be solved using the Operator Splitting (OS) approach, where transport and reaction processes are separated or the Direct Substitution Approach (DSA) where chemical and transport equations are solved simultaneously. The OS techniques can be very attractive, but are known to introduce splitting errors with SNIA (Non Iterative OS) and have low convergence rate with SIA (Iterative OS). These problems are avoided with DSA which is more robust than OS schemes. On the other hand, DSA is more complicated and very demanding in terms of computing time and memory requirements. This can make DSA less efficient than OS schemes especially for fine discretizations and chemically simple problems. In this work, DSA, SIA and SNIA are combined with a new sparse direct (unifrontal/multifrontal) solver. The efficiency of this solver is not dependent on the matrix conditioning. The performance of the three approaches is studied for two transport problems with simple and difficult chemical reactions and for different number of unknowns. Results show that when combined with an efficient sparse direct solver, DSA is more efficient than SIA and SNIA even for chemically simple problems and large number of unknowns.

The partial phase transformation of nanometer TiO₂ powder from anatase phase to rutile phase was realized by heat-treatment and a new TiO₂ photocatalyst which could be excited by visible light was obtained. The heat-treated TiO₂ powder at different stage of transition crystal was characterized and monitored by XRD, TEM, FT-IR and UV-vis DRS methods. The test of photocatalytic activity of the heat-treated TiO₂ powder was carried out by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and acid orange II dyes, respectively, in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The results indicate that the nanometer TiO₂ photocatalyst heat-treated at 500°C for 60 min shows the highest photocatalytic activity, that is, it can effectively degrade the rhodamine B and acid orange II under visible light irradiation. The remarkable improvement of photocatalytic activity of heat-treated TiO₂ powder at 500°C for 60 min was mainly illustrated by the formation of special interphase between rutile and anatase phases, which not only restrains the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, but also reduces the adsorbability of nanometer anatase TiO₂ powder properly for various dyes. Additionally, the effects of dye-assisting chemicals such as Na₂CO₃ and NaCl on the photocatalytic degradation were also studied.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in two wetland plant species grown outdoors in pots of sediment contaminated with up to 730,000 μg/kg total PAHs. After approximately 3 months, the plants were harvested, cleaned, and analyzed for an expanded suite of PAHs which included both the 16 priority PAHs and 22 alkyl PAH homologs. Sediment and air samples were also collected and analyzed. PAH compounds were detected in all of the samples, with the highest concentrations in the contaminated sediment. The root sample concentrations were generally about one order of magnitude lower than that of the sediment, and were strongly correlated with the concentration in the sediment in which they were grown. The concentrations in foliage were much lower and did not correlate with sediment concentration. Concentrations of low molecular weight PAH compounds detected in the foliage were not significantly lower in plants grown in control sediments, suggesting that the sediment is not the primary source of these PAHs. Several high molecular weight PAHs were detected only in plants grown in contaminated sediment. Plants of both species grown in control sediment were larger than plants grown in contaminated sediment.

Natural gas storage produced waters (NGSPWs) are brought to the surface when natural gas is reclaimed from underground storage. These waters may have a variety of constituents of concern that need to be treated before the water can be reused or discharged to receiving aquatic systems. The objective of this study was to characterize NGSPWs to discern potential constituents of concern that may limit surface discharge or beneficial reuse of these waters. We conducted a strategic review of literature, analyses of produced water composition records, and analyses of produced water samples provided by natural gas storage companies. Although NGSPWs varied widely in composition, primary constituents of concern included: chlorides (salinity), metals, metalloids, and organic compounds (e.g. oil and grease). Chlorides are the predominant constituent of concern in most NGSPWs. Strategies for risk mitigation of NGSPWs will need to be both robust and site specific to deal with the diverse composition of these waters.

Regional botanical surveys supported by field experiments suggest that atmospheric nitrogen deposition threatens the balance between species and causes loss of biodiversity within plant communities. Methods are required to monitor the nitrogen status of vegetation at a landscape scale and therefore the potential for ecological change. Remote sensing has the potential to monitor a number of plant biophysical and chemical variables, but its application to monitor the nitrogen status of native vegetation remains limited and untested. Using field spectroscopy, canopy reflectance measurements were taken from two heathland field sites and heather (Calluna vulgaris) plants grown in a greenhouse. The nitrogen concentration was determined through destructive sampling and chemical analysis. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify the wavebands most associated with nitrogen concentration and despite high variation in the selected wavebands between the three datasets, most of these wavebands were associated with nitrogen and protein absorption features within the spectral region 1,990–2,170 nm. Results highlight the potential of remote sensing as a bio-monitoring technique to estimate foliar nitrogen status in native plants.