The acute toxicity bioassay of textile industrial effluent (TIE) was carried out by the probit analysis method. The 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 values were obtained as 56.23 %, 28.84 %, 22.38% and 16.59% respectively. LC50 values were significantly decreased with increase in effluent concentration. The safe value was found to be 32.88 %. The experimental fish C.batrachus exhibited stressful behaviour which increased with toxicant concentration. Due to acute toxicity of textile based industrial effluent, experimental fish C. batrachus expressed high secretion of mucus, uncoordinated and tailfin movement, surfacing, loss of buoyancy, escaping tendency, hyperactivity, and discolouration of the skin. Mortalities were observed in all treatments except control. The haematological analysis was also carried out in experimental fish C.batrachus exposed to various periods in textile-dyeing effluents. Haematological data were evaluated for parameters such as Hb, RBCs, WBCs, PCV, MCH, and MCHC of the test species. The alterations of these parameters have been discussed. So it can be concluded that the TIE is toxic to fishes and aquatic organisms.

Water bodies have played a vital role throughout civilizations in the growth and continue to be a factor of importance in the modern economic growth of all the contemporary societies. Contamination of water sources with microbes can occur through rainfall overflow and agricultural inputs, mixing with sewage effluents. Water acts as a medium for the proliferation and dissemination of bacteria which causes human disease. Therefore, consumption of safe water is one of the most important requirements in public health. A total of 20 water samples were collected from both surface and groundwater from in and around Chennai. The MPN index of the surface water was found to be high when compared with groundwaters. Total coliform count of as many as 1100 MPN/100 mL and greater were obtained. A total of 11 different bacterial species were identified from both ground and surface water samples. The prevalence of bacterial isolates was of Staphylococcus aureus, CoNS, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi, Aeromonas hydrophila and Citrobacter freundii. These organisms were resistant to many classes of antibiotics. The facts on multiple antibiotic resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from water and the resistance patterns suggested that there has been an indiscriminate use of the antibiotics tested. High occurrence of these multiple antibiotic resistant organisms in the drinking water distribution system could potentially pose a threat to humans consuming this water.

The polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide (PVA/GO) hydrogel was prepared. It was confirmed that the adsorption performance of polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide hydrogel composite material was improved, and it does not cause secondary pollution. According to adsorption experiments, it was found that PVA/ GO adsorbent with a content of 30 % graphene oxide has the best comprehensive performance. The suitable environment of adsorption was under 25°C, 12-18 h for adsorption time and acidic conditions. The suitable adsorbent dosage was 0.3g and the suitable concentration of the dye was 10 mg/L.

Architectural construction has expanded continuously in recent years as a response to China’s accelerating urbanization, thus further leading to the dramatic increase of concrete usage. This expansion may cause serious threats to the ecological environment because the production and construction of traditional concrete materials may consume abundant resources, such as coals and limestone, and thus emit air pollutants. Prefabricated concrete buildings can significantly reduce the use of water, timber, thermal insulation materials, and cement mortar, thereby decreasing construction waste and carbon emissions greatly. Based on the review of the measures for concrete construction waste recycling in developed countries, this study summarized the types of hazards of concrete construction waste pollution, analysed the advantages of prefabricated concrete constructions, and proposed prefabricated recycling measures of concrete construction wastes. Results demonstrate that developed countries have relatively perfect concrete construction waste recycling systems. The hazards of concrete construction wastes are mainly manifested by the embezzlement of lands, water pollution, atmosphere pollution, soil pollution, and damage to physical health. The advantages of prefabricated concrete construction are manifested by high production efficiency, energy conservation, environmental protection, and overall high quality. Finally, several recycling measures were proposed, including strengthened policy support to prefabricated concrete construction; appropriate relevant laws, regulations, and standard systems; improved prefabricated construction enterprises; and enhanced environmental protection in prefabricated construction sites. Research conclusions can serve as a reference for understanding the hazards of concrete construction-induced environmental pollution, recognizing the advantages of prefabricated concrete construction mode, increasing prefabricated concrete market shares comprehensively, and alleviating environmental pollutions.

This study explored Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) technology to improve the engineering properties [i.e., unconfined compressive strength (UCS)] of granite residual cemented-soil through calcite precipitation. The influence of age and cement mixing ratio on strength, stiffness and the stress-strain relationship of MICP induced calcite precipitation in granite residual cemented-soil was investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyse the microstructure characteristics of the cemented-soil. Based on the results, the cemented granite residual soil reinforcement mechanism was proposed. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) MICP technology can significantly enhance and improve the engineering properties such as strength, stiffness and toughness of cemented-soil. Compared with the control group, the maximum growth rate of the test group was 87.5%, and the maximum growth rate of the elastic modulus was 141.18%; (2) Soil particles were cemented through MICP technology, making the cemented-soil surface denser; (3) The MICP technology makes the cemented-soil treatment method more sustainable for its use in improving the stability of geo-structures.

Bentonite/chitosan composite was synthesized and characterized by different techniques including XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TEM to detect its physicochemical properties. The composite was introduced in realistic purification application to reduce the dissolved iron content in raw groundwater sample by fixed-bed column system. The plotted breakthrough curves and the related mathematical parameters revealed that the column achieves iron removal percentage of about 69% from 6.6 L of water after adjusting the factors affecting the system at 3 cm bed thickness, 5 mL/min flow rate, 5 mg/L concentration and pH 6. Applying the column system to remove iron from groundwater under the same conditions can achieve iron removal percentage of about 69% from a total volume of 8.2 L of water. The interaction of the metal on the column was attained after 18 hours and the saturation time was attained after 27.5 hours which revealed the high performance of the composite in the designed column system for the purification of groundwater.

This study is aimed at mapping the geoelectrical variations in the residential area of Ojongbodu, Oyo, Nigeria. Thirty vertical electrical sounding stations were occupying across the study area using PZ-02 Earth resistivity meter. Four subsurface layers involving topsoil, two weathered layers and bedrock were mapped, with clay being the most dominating soil type in the third layer, which is about 3.9 m below the first two layers. The thickness of the third layer itself is about 10.4 m. About 70% of the bedrock is fractured. The thickness of clay in the third layer cum fractured bedrock could aid development of differential settlements in buildings or total collapse of structures within the study area.

A sudden leak of phenylethylene is an urgent issue for the surrounding environment. To mitigate its negative effect, the decontamination efficiency of phenylethylene on an activated carbon (AC)-based adsorbent was investigated. Factors such as the particle size and the temperature, that could affect the adsorption ratio, were explored. Meanwhile, the efficiency of AC, pretreated with different KMnO4 and NaClO concentrations, was examined. It was proven that the decontamination efficiency was higher for the 300-mesh AC compared to the 200-mesh AC. The introduction of the oxidizer, KMnO4, had a negative effect on phenylethylene adsorption. Nevertheless, the NaClO-modified AC showed a positive influence on phenylethylene removal, while its decontamination gradually improved with the increase of the NaClO concentration. It was also found that the adsorption rate of phenylethylene was ascended with the temperature rise. After 1 h of adsorption with AC heated to 200°C, no phenylethylene desorption was observed.

With the economic growth and massive industrialization, the air quality of China in general and industrial regions in specific has saturated with different health hazard pollutants. Among the pollutants, PM2.5 is posing some serious threats to the society. In this study we evaluated the correlation between PM2.5 concentration and 12 different meteorological, vegetation and topographical factors in Beijing, China. We used the Difference Index (DI) method and dark pixel method to retrieve the PM2.5 concentration of 30m and 1km spatial resolution. Spearman correlation analysis method was used to analyse the correlation between PM2.5 concentration and three types of 12 factors. The results showed that the forest land can play a major role in decreasing the PM2.5 concentration in the air, as in this study a significant drop of (18.78%) was observed in PM2.5 concentration in the regions having coniferous forest. Moreover, the PM2.5 reduction rate was positively correlated with forest vegetation coverage (FVC). Our results demonstrated that relative humidity, air pressure and water vapour pressure were positively correlated with PM2.5, while air temperature and wind speed were negatively correlated. The altitude and slope showed a weak negative correlation with PM2.5 concentration, while, aspect was very weakly correlated with the PM2.5 concentration. The findings of this study could help design the urban green space planning and air pollutioncontrol in the heavily populated urban ecosystems.

Surface water is the most important and common water resource on earth. Accurate and effective mapping and detecting of surface water have been made possible by remote sensing technology, highresolution satellite data, playing an important role in surface water monitoring and mapping, which has become the current hot research for water information extraction in recent decades. Therefore, in this paper, we tested and analysed four models to extract water bodies using China’s GF-2 HD satellite (GF- 2) image, including Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Shadow Water Index (MSWI), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Object-Oriented Method (OOM). The results showed applying water extraction models can map surface water with an overall accuracy of 0.8935, 0.9256, 0.9467 and 0.9357, respectively. SVM owns the highest overall accuracy value of 0.9467, followed by OOM. SVM performed significantly better at surface water extraction with kappa coefficients improved by 9.00%, 5.00%, and 2.00%, respectively, which yielded the best results and used to map surfaces water bodies in the study region, while index methods (NDWI and MSWI) are mostly classified into the water and non-water information based on a threshold value, with higher total omission and commission errors at 12.45%, 25.64%, 6.38% and12.87%, respectively. Therefore, we proposed SVM as the best algorithm to identify water body and effectively detect surface water from the GF-2 image.