In this work, removal of antipyrine was studied through two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) electrolysis. 2D electrolysis was firstly studied with the Ti/SnO₂-Ta₂O₅-IrO₂ anode as working electrode. Operating parameters affecting antipyrine removal, such as current density, electrode distance, and initial concentration of antipyrine, were investigated and optimized. As the limited antipyrine removal efficiency of 48.0% was not satisfying, 3D electrolysis with γ-Al₂O₃ as particle electrodes was introduced in the purpose of improving the antipyrine removal. An obviously enhanced removal efficiency of 78.3% was obtained, which seemingly validated the effect of particle electrodes in improving antipyrine removal. Hence, an effort to further enhance the antipyrine removal efficiency was made through improving the electrochemical characteristics of γ-Al₂O₃ as particle electrodes. Modified Sn-Sb-Bi/γ-Al₂O₃ particles were thus prepared through impregnation method. And a desirable antipyrine removal efficiency of 94.4% and energy consumption of 0.18 kWh/g antipyrine were achieved in the 3D electrolysis with Sn-Sb-Bi/γ-Al₂O₃ as particle electrodes. Furthermore, possible mechanism and pathway of antipyrine degradation in 3D electrolysis were explored through detection of ·OH using terephthalic acid fluorescent probe method and detection of antipyrine degradation intermediates using LC-MS.

This work addresses the synthesis of graphene oxide, its structural characterization, and its application in the removal of cationic surfactants from water. The synthesized graphene oxide was characterized by Raman, infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and zeta potential. After the nanomaterial structural elucidation, optimization tests, studies of kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics of adsorption were performed to study adsorbent/adsorbate interactions in the adsorption process of cationic surfactants on graphene oxide. Under optimized conditions, graphene oxide showed the highest removal potential for the pyridinium-containing surfactant (2083 mg/g), followed by the benzyl-containing surfactant (431 mg/g) and the tetrakyl surfactant (329 mg/g), suggesting that electrostatic, hydrophobic, and cation-π interactions are common in the process, but pyridinium-π and π-π interactions are stronger. In addition, the adsorbent, under optimized conditions, compared with other sorbents described in the literature, presented higher potential adsorption.

The leaching process and drainage chemistry of acid rock drainage is mainly controlled by geochemical reactions and how water carries soluble reaction products in waste rock piles. This paper studied how water flows through a full-scale waste rock pile at the Equity Silver mine site in British Columbia, Canada and elaborated on their effects on the leaching process and drainage chemistry. A revised dual-permeability model coupled with mass transport was adopted to investigate preferential flow and matrix flow in the pile simultaneously while considering water and geochemical products leaching/exchange between them. Furthermore, a particle-level water film model and also the effects of air flow, oxygen transport, and heat transfer in pile scale were integrated to account for geochemical reactions. Simulation results of full-scale iron discharge showed that aqueous concentrations in drainage water did not vary significantly relative to variations in drainage flow rate, which was confirmed by 12 years of field monitoring data. In addition, the comparison of pre- and post-cover simulations with measured lime consumption during ARD treatment, and mass-balance/dilution calculations for the entire pile, indicates that roughly 15–20% of total precipitation passes through the cover.

Globalization is the paradigm shift to a more integrated world economy broadly shaping economies and societies around the globe. The wave of globalization is much more eminent on its impact on increased energy demand, knowledge and technology transfer, trade, and financial capital flows. The present study focuses on Turkey, a fast-emerging economy that is no exception to the wave of globalization. This current study explores the dynamics between ecological footprints, energy consumption, and real income level for the case of Turkey in a carbon-income function while accounting for other covariate like globalization to avoid omitted variable bias. The study data spans from 1970 to 2017 on an annual frequency basis. The stationarity properties of the outlined variables were investigated. Subsequently, the equilibrium relationship between the variables is confirmed by the battery of recent robust estimation techniques. While to detect the causality of direction among the variables, the Modified Wald test causality test is utilized. This study reveals that an increase in energy consumption in Turkey reduces environmental pollution by a magnitude of 0.37% in the short run and 0.43% long run, while an increase in economic expansion dampens the quality of the environment 0.42% and 0.72% on both short and long-run basis. This is indicative given that Turkey is more energy conscious and energy efficient, while a positive statistically significant relationship is observed between real income level and ecological footprint and globalization index. The causality analysis also supports the growth-induced energy consumption hypothesis. The study further offers policy direction for the energy sector in Turkey in the face of global interconnectedness.

High levels of heavy metals in soil pose considerable threats to the ecosystem. The in situ remediation technology is obtaining increasing global concerns as a sustainable remediation strategy. In this study, the hydroxyapatite/calcium silicate hydrate (HAP/CSH) was recovered from waste water to evaluate the effects on heavy metal immobilization by coupling with biochar. Five mixtures of HAP/CSH and biochar with different weight ratios (10:0, 0:10, 1:9, 2:8, 4:6 w/w) were prepared to remediate two heavy metal–contaminated soils planted with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.). The mixture of HAP/CSH and biochar in the ratio of 4:6 shows the best immobilization effect assessed by toxicity characteristic extraction procedure (TCLP) and BCR sequence extraction procedure. After remediation, the immobilization efficiency decreased 83%, and content of heavy metals in plants decreased 72.8%. The conversion efficiency of heavy metal residual fraction was 3.95 times higher than that of the control group. At the same time, soil pH, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and soil microbial biomass (SMB) all showed an increasing trend, indicating the improvement of soil conditions. The combined application of HAP/C-S-H and biochar changed soil bacterial community structure, leading to an increase in soil bacterial diversity. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that pH and the concentration of heavy metals were the main factors affecting microbial community. Therefore, the mixture of HAP/C-S-H and biochar can be considered as an effective, feasible, and environmentally friendly amendment for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil and multi-metal–contaminated soil.

The improvement of green innovation efficiency (GIE) in the Yangtze river economic belt (YREB) is beneficial to China’s green transformation and upgrading because of its economic and ecological position. Therefore, based on the slacks-based measure of super-efficiency (Super-SBM) model, the paper studies the GIE and its spatial-temporal variation characteristics in the YREB during the period 2003–2015, and analyzes the spatial correlation and spatial-temporal convergence of GIE with the exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) method and convergence analysis method. The results show that the GIE in the YREB shows an “U-shaped” change pattern in time and an extremely unbalanced development pattern in space. The areas with high GIE contribute to the improvement of overall GIE, whereas they do not exert a radiation and driving effect on areas with low GIE. Accordingly, because of the short board effect, the convergent speed of the GIE is decreasing. To be specific, the GIE keeps converging in the upper and lower reaches, except for the year 2010 when GIE in the middle reaches changed from being convergent to being non-convergent. Even though environmental policy exerts great impacts on the improvement of GIE, the lack of collaborative environmental governance leads to the non-convergent and unbalanced development of the GIE. Therefore, green coordinated development of the YREB is necessary.

The water quality of Lake Mariut has been deteriorated for about 5 decades due to continuous discharge of agricultural, municipal, and industrial wastes from Alexandria City and the adjacent land. During the past two decades, some steps were taken for rehabilitation of the lake through primary treatment of the discharged wastes and insulation of the polluted wastewater of QD from the water body in the main basin of the lake. Several parameters of water quality at the surface and near bottom were measured at twelve locations during winter (January) and summer (August) of 2013 and 2014. The present study revealed that the lake water appeared to be well aerated but still containing high concentrations of N and P and suffering hyper-eutrophic conditions. The water quality index (WQI) reflected medium condition in the lake and bad condition in the diverted drains. The P-budget calculation displayed that TP input into the LMMB from UDᵤₛ and resuspension process from sediments exceeded the output by out flowing at UDdₛ and settling.

Amino-functionalized ionic liquid biphasic solvents present excellent absorption capacity, regeneration ability, and energy consumption savings, which make them a possible candidate for CO₂ capture. The kinetics and regeneration heat duty of the [TETAH][Lys]-ethanol-water system capturing CO₂ were investigated in this work. The mass transfer and kinetic parameters, including the overall reaction rate constant (kₒᵥ), the reaction rate constant (k₂), and the enhancement factor (E), were assessed at diverse concentrations and temperatures. At 303.15 K, the k₂ of CO₂ capture into the [TETAH][Lys]-ethanol-water solution was 58,907.30 m³ kmol⁻¹ s⁻¹. The Arrhenius equation was introduced to evaluate the relations between k₂ and the reaction temperature, which can be presented as [Formula: see text] The regeneration heat duty of the novel biphasic solvent was 35.5 and 62.39% lower than those of [TETAH][Lys]-water and the benchmark monoethanolamine solution, respectively. An efficient absorption performance and lower energy requirement indicate the great potential for this application.

Particulate matter (PM) is defined as a mixture of solid and/or liquid particles that remain separately dispersed in air. PM is not a pollutant by itself but a complex and dynamic combination of compound particles with biological and chemical origins. However, fine PM (PM₂.₅) seems to be incriminated in the respiratory system and poses a severe threat to human health. Several reviews focused on chemistry segments because they mainly contribute to fine PM concentration. Biological elements in PM₂.₅ should also be considered because they cause multiple allergies and respiratory illnesses. This review has selected articles by following predefined criteria and demonstrated that the biological and chemical parts of fine particles play a significant role in PM₂.₅ concentration. In addition, justification on the origin or sources of biological and chemical compositions and their effects on health become a concern in this review. Lastly, this review can provide knowledge that can be a useful tool for researchers, designers, engineers and policymakers to consider for further action.

In this study, a practical and excellent method was used to determine the famoxadone and cymoxanil via high-performance liquid chromatography equipped utilizing ultraviolet detector lamp (HPLC-UV) for investigating the dissipation behavior and residue distribution of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber and soil ecosystem. The limit of quantification (LOQS) of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber were 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 and 0.05, 0.50, 1.00 mg kg⁻¹ in soil, respectively. The limit of detection (LODS) of both famoxadone and cymoxanil were 8.0 ng. The average recoveries (n = 5) of the fungicide ranged from 84.10 to 108.02% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) typically < 9.23%. The fungicide was applied to cucumber and soil at the range of doses (275.6–413.4 g a.i.ha⁻¹) three or four times. The half-lives of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber and soil were 1.34–16.12 days, which followed the first-order chemical reaction kinetics equation Cₜ = C₀ × e⁻ᵏᵗ. The residues of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber at the pre-harvest interval (PHI, 3 days) were below 8.0 × 10⁻⁸ g and 8.0 × 10⁻⁹ g, respectively. Overall, this study evaluated the food safety and the environmental fate of famoxadone and cymoxanil in cucumber and soil ecosystem. In addition, this study would promote the series of work on the pesticide exposure assessment of these fungicides as well.