Chlorothalonil, a halogenated benzonitrile compound, is one of the most widely used fungicides in the world. Anaerobic microcosm assays were established to evaluate the combined effect of the initial content of carbon (6.3, 9.45 and 12.6 mg g⁻¹), nitrogen (0.6, 1.8 and 3 mg g⁻¹)and chlorothalonil (432, 865 and 1298 ηg g⁻¹) on the biodegradation of this fungicide by microbiota from an agricultural tropical soil. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used and chlorothalonil depletion was followed by HPLC with UV detection. The initial carbon content and fungicide dose were found to have a significant effect on removal efficiency. After 25 days of incubation, a high chlorothalonil depletion was observed in all biologically active microcosms (56–95%) although abiotic loss in a sterile blank was also notable (37%). The results suggest a high potential for chlorothalonil biodegradation under anaerobic conditions by indigenous microbial communities from soil that has been continuously exposed to high doses of the fungicide.

1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) is a recalcitrant organic compound that is difficult to remove from contaminated soil due to its low solubility. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of both cosolvents and surfactants in enhancing the solubility of p,p′-DDT from a soil that has been contaminated with DDT for nearly 40 yr. The presence of selected surfactants removed less than 1 to 11% of p,p′-DDT compared to cosolvents, which removed less than 1 to 77% of p,p′-DDT from the same soil. The low solubility of p,p′-DDT in the presence of surfactants was attributed to the decreased surfactant concentration to below critical micelle concentrationfollowing sorption by soil surfaces. Enhanced solubility of p,p′-DDT was achieved with the use of cosolvents that releasedup to 77% of p,p′-DDT from a contaminated soil. Increasing the solution concentration and hydrophobicity of the cosolvent increased the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed. For example, the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed increased in the order 5% 1-propanol << 50% ethanol << 50% 1-propanol. Repeated washing of the soil with various cosolvents, in all but two cases, markedly increased the total amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed from the soil. For example, repeated washing of the soil with 50% ethanol increased the amount of p,p′-DDT removed by 42% while repeated washings of the soil with 50% 1-propanol had little effect on the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed. Increasing the soil-solution ratio from 1:2 to 1:10 in the presence of 40% 1-propanol increased the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed by 100%; suggesting that the soil-solution ratio was an important parameterin controlling the amount of p,p′-DDT desorbed.

The results of spatial and temporal distribution of acidic and basic air pollutants in ambient air around Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park (SBIP), Taiwan during August 2000 to October 2001 are presented. The sampling was performed on 13 different sites around the SBIP for 12 hrs each every month, and a total of 195 samples were collected. The effect of geographical and meteorologicalconditions, and production volume of the SBIP on the variation of pollutant's concentration was investigated. The spatial distribution shows that comparatively higher concentration of pollutants was found on the sites, which are either low in altitude such as the WS (west-southern) part of SBIP, in the downwind location or close to the factories. In case the wind velocity was low, i.e. below 2 m s⁻¹, the concentration of pollutant tended to increase and became uniformly distributed around the science park. The temporal distribution shows a decrease in ambient concentration of pollutants from February to June 2001, mainly due to the decline in the production volume of the SBIP in this period. During the whole period of investigation, the concentration of most of the species (except HF) was found to be lower than the factory-surrounding air quality standard of Taiwan, but in some cases it was higher than the AALG.

Dans le cadre de l`opération Ferti-Mieux « le Don, l`eau, la vie », les équipes de la Chambre d`agriculture de Loire Atlantique et du Cemagref se sont associées depuis 1997 pour quantifier le risque de pollution des eaux superficielles par l`azote et les produits phytosanitaires issus de l`activité agricole, et amorcer la proposition de solutions correctives sur ce bassin versant. Pour cela, nous travaillons sur trois bassins emboîtés, le Don (650 km2), le Cétrais (35 km2), et le micro-bassin du Coisbrac (0,5 km2). Pour appuyer les propositions de solutions correctives, nous avons choisi de montrer leurs effets sur les sols et l`eau, en nous appuyant sur le micro bassin de démonstration du Coisbrac. Sur ce micro-bassin, les agriculteurs ont accepté de modifier leurs pratiques. Nous constatons, dès la première année, que la mise en place d`outils d`aide à la fertilisation raisonnée se traduit par une diminution nette des apports d`engrais azotés aux cultures sur le micro-bassin du Coisbrac. Cette année a de plus vu des rendements exceptionnels sur céréales. Ces deux facteurs se sont conjugués pour diminuer les quantités d`azote potentiellement transférables vers les eaux. Cette diminution est cependant tempérée par la minéralisation de l`azote organique du sol et les arrière-effets des pratiques des années antérieures, qui sont dorénavant prépondérants dans les quantités d`azote minéral du sol.

Eighty soil cores were collected from a residential area adjacent to an automobile battery manufacturing facility to determine the level and variability of lead concentrations in the soil. Results of ICP-MS on HNO₃ digestions showed lead concentrations in the residential soil as high as 2760 mg kg⁻¹. High variability of lead concentrations of two to three times over short distances, less than a meter, indicated the necessity of remediating the entire soil area based on a clean-up level of 400 mg kg⁻¹. To delineate areas of soil requiring no remediation at a high level of confidence would have required a more extensive soil sampling survey. High lead concentrations in the residential soil to a depth of approximately 15 cm indicated remediationof residential soil to at least this depth may be necessary. Overall, the high variability of lead concentrations in the residential soil was consistent with a soil having been disturbed by residential activity and illustrated the difficulty in using a single sample per residentialyard for making correct remediation decisions.

A statewide total gaseous mercury (TGM) monitoring campaign was conducted from January 1997 to December 1999 in the State of Connecticut, U.S.A. Eight monitoring sites with different characteristics of geographical location (coastal vs. interior) and land use (rural vs. urban) were included in the monitoring program. Statistical procedures were utilized to evaluate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of the TGM concentration in the State, and the influence of long-range transport from non-local sources. The statewide mean TGM concentration was 2.08 ng m⁻³. The annual mean concentration had no significant differences among the three years of measurements for all the sites. Weak seasonal variations were detected in the State with higher ambient TGM concentration found in warmer seasons. Urban areas in general had higher TGM concentrations than rural areas. The effect of site location of the monitoring sites on TGM concentration was interacted with land use characteristics. Waterbury site with extremely high concentration measurements was the major cause for this interaction. The long-range transport of TGM from remote sources showed an important influence on local ambient concentrations, by explaining over 45% of the total variance of the ambient TGM concentration for most sites. Local sources were responsible for the extremely high TGM concentration in the Waterbury site. The TGM concentrations at Voluntown, Hammonasset and Avery Point in southeast Connecticut were likely to be affected by some local sources.

Precipitation samples were collected at two coastal sites on the Korean Peninsula, Kangwha on the western coast and Yangyang on the eastern coast, from September 1991 to February 1997. The samples were analyzed for concentrations of major ions, in addition to pH and electrical conductivity. The annual volume-weighted mean pH values were 4.89 and 5.05 at Kangwha and Yangyang, respectively. The pH was generally lower at Kangwha than that at Yangyang, especially during the winter, because of reduced neutralizing inputs and greater acid inputs in winter. Dominant ions were different with NH₄ ⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻ most important at Kangwha and Na⁺ and Cl⁻ at Yangyang. Neglecting sea salt components, nss-SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ were important anions and nss-Ca²⁺ and NH₄ ⁺ were important cations at both sites. Concentrations of these ions were 1.2–1.6 times higher at Kangwha than at Yangyang. Annual mean concentrations of these ions varied little during the study, while larger seasonal variations were observed. Annual mean nss-SO₄ ²⁻/NO₃ ⁻ ratios at Kangwha and Yangyang were 2.8 and 2.6. The 5 yr annual mean values of nss-SO₄ ²⁻/NO₃ ⁻ showed no trend at Kangwha but a decreasing tendency at Yangyang. The decreasing trend is similar to the decreasing trend in emissions of SO₂/NOₓ in South Korea. Regional differences in chemical composition between Kangwha and Yangyang appear to be associated with long-range transport of acidic gases and alkaline dust originated from other regions.

Nitric acid (HNO₃) vapor is a significant component of air pollution. Dry deposition of HNO₃ is thought to be a major contributor to terrestrial loading of anthropogenically-derived nitrogen (N), but many questions remain regarding the physico-chemical process of deposition and the biological responses to accumulation of dry-deposited HNO₃ on surfaces. To examine these processes experimentally, a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) fumigation system has been constructed. This system enables simultaneous fumigation at several concentrations in working volumes 1.3 m dia by 1.3 m ht, allowing for simultaneous fumigation of many experimental units. Evaluation of the system indicates that it is appropriate for long-term exposures of several months duration and capable of mimicking patterns of diurnal atmospheric HNO₃ concentrations representative of areas with different levels of pollution.

Input-output budgets for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) are summarized for 24 small watersheds at 15 locations in the northeasternUnited States. The study watersheds are completely forested, free of recent physical disturbances, and span a geographical region bounded by West Virginia on the south and west, and Maine on the north and east. Total N budgets are not presented; however, fluxes of inorganic N in precipitation and streamwater dominate inputs and outputs of N at these watersheds. The range in inputs of DIN in wet-only precipitation from nearby National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) sites was 2.7 to 8.1 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean = 6.4 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; median = 7.0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Outputs of DIN in streamwater ranged from 0.1 to 5.7 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean = 2.0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; median = 1.7 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Precipitation inputs of DIN exceeded outputs in streamwater at all watersheds, with net retention of DIN ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean = 4.4 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; median = 4.6 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Outputs of DIN in streamwater were predominantly NO₃-N (mean = 89%; median = 94%). Wet deposition of DIN was not significantly related to DIN outputs in streamwater for these watersheds. Watershed characteristics such as hydrology, vegetation type, and land-use history affect DIN losses and may mask any relationship between inputs and outputs. Consequently, these factors need to be included in the development of indices and simulation models for predicting 'nitrogen saturation' and other ecological processes.

Soil remediation has been studied after a spill from a settling pond of a pyrite mine in Aznalcóllar (SW Spain). The affected area was approximately 55 km² and extended about 40 km from the spill. The Pb concentration in soils ranged from 35.8 to 3231.0 mg kg⁻¹, with a mean value of 385.8 mg kg⁻¹. The remediation techniques investigated included: manual and mechanical removal of the contaminated soil, mixing the upper part of the soils by ploughing, and addition of different amendment materials to reduce the Pb solubility, such as carbonates, zeolites, iron-rich soils, bentonites and yeasts. A combination of liming with iron-rich soils proved the most effective treatment.