The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus; the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Natural products, secondary metabolites show positive leads with antiviral and immunotherapy treatments using genomic studies in silico docking. In addition, it includes the action of a mechanism targeting the SARS-CoV-2. In this literature, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral movement of the NT-VRL-1 unique terpene definition to Human coronavirus (HCoV-229E). The effects of 19 hydrolysable tannins on the SARS-CoV-2 were therefore theoretically reviewed and analyzed utilising the molecular operating surroundings for their C-Like protease 3CLpro catalytic dyad residues Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (MOE 09). Pedunculagin, tercatan, and castalin were detected as interacting strongly with SARS-receptor Cov-2’s binding site and catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41). SARS-CoV-2 methods of subunit S1 (ACE2) inhibit the interaction of the receiver with the s-protein once a drug molecule is coupled to the s-protein and prevent it from infecting the target cells in alkaloids. Our review strongly demonstrates the evidence that natural compounds and their derivatives can be used against the human coronavirus and serves as an area of research for future perspective.

Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, and Zn were detected in the muscle and gills of Prussian carp from three different freshwater ecosystems: isolated ponds and the South Morava River in Serbia, and Kopačko Lake in complex wetland ecosystem of the Kopački Rit Nature Reserve in Croatia. The main goals of the present research were to assess the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the muscle and gills of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), to examine whether abiotic factors from three different freshwater ecosystems affect the accumulation of PTEs in fish tissues, and to estimate the human health risk resulting from fish consumption. There were only six concentrations of PTEs in the gill tissue (Cr, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sn, and Zn) that were not significantly different among the different freshwater ecosystems. In the muscles, the differences were much less visible. Kopačko Lake distinguished with the highest values of metal pollution index (MPI) for muscles (0.24) and isolated ponds with the highest values of MPI for gills (0.8). The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that concentrations of Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe in the gill tissue were significantly correlated with the environmental variables. In contrast, the RDA based on element concentrations in the fish muscles indicated no significant relationship with the environment. Isolated ponds, with no inflow of freshwater, stand out as the most polluted, followed by Kopačko Lake with occasional floods. Flowing freshwater ecosystem South Morava River can be single out as at least polluted with PTEs. The target hazard quotients (THQ) and hazard index (HI) suggested there were no significant noncarcinogenic health risks. The target carcinogenic risk factor (TR) for As and Pb confirmed there were no cancer risks related to human fish consumption. Since the elevated concentrations of toxic Cd and As in Prussian carp were estimated, an early warning should be assumed, especially for fishing activities in these areas.

The measurements and monitoring of ²²²Rn/²²⁰Rn have been of emerging interest in occupational environments particularly in radium/thorium handling facilities and environments with monazite deposits for the inhalation dosimetry. The performance of a flow-through Lucas scintillation cell (LSC) for long run ²²⁰Rn measurements, depends upon the exact distribution pattern of ²²⁰Rn and its decay products in the LSC which can vary with the design of inlet path and flow rates. In this work, the CFD technique has been used to study the concentration profiles of ²²⁰Rn and its decay products in LSC for varying flow rates and inlet needle lengths. The variation of alpha production efficiency (ηα) is computed and analyzed for each case; aiming to select the best operating range of parameters for the optimum performance of LSC for ²²⁰Rn measurements. It is seen that LSC can be operated in the flow rate ranging from 0.6 to 1 lpm with inlet needle length varying from 22.5 to 45 mm for improved sensitivity.

Streams located in areas of sugarcane cultivation receive elevated concentrations of metal ions from soils of adjacent areas. This process may cause impacts on streams located in the adjacent areas. The contamination of stream sediments can lead to bioaccumulation of such metal by aquatic organisms, such as benthic invertebrates. Chitosan beads, a biopolymer that demonstrates a high affinity for metal, are simple to prepare under the laboratory, have a low overall cost, and can be used for removing metals from aquatic sediments. This work studied the use of Chitosan beads in metal adsorption from sediments of streams located in areas of sugarcane cultivation and evaluated the effects on the survival of Chironomus sancticaroli insect larvae. Acute bioassays were performed in two scenarios, in the presence and in the absence of chitosan beads. The bioassay consisted of the exposure of 10 IV instar of Chironomus sancticaroli larvae, for 96 h in five stream sediments. The results showed that chitosan beads (containing only 5.5% of chitosan) adsorbed metals in the order of Mg > Zn > Mn > Cd. The statistical results demonstrated that the addition of chitosan to the bioassays allowed a high larvae survival. The outcomes showed evidence of the viability of chitosan in remediating the metal impacts and showed a positive influence on aquatic biota.

Surface water and groundwater are significant for population and other activities due to the decreasing surface water flow toward Iraq. Therefore, there is a need to analyze groundwater’s quality and classification and its applicability as an alternative in various human activities in the study area. This study utilized the groundwater quality index model for drinking uses (GW.Q.I.) and entered the resulting values in the GIS environment. This model was applied to 56 wells in Al-Hillah city by measuring twelve variables in each well. The measured variables were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO₃), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO₃), and electric conductivity (EC). The prediction map of GW.Q.I. was produced in the GIS. Then, the distributing map was divided into six categories based on the suitability of groundwater for drinking uses. The areas’ values of six categories with their ratings were about 5 km² (excellent), 122 km² (good), 610 km² (poor), 63 km² (very poor), 36 km² (contaminated), and 24 km² (very contaminated). For the entire study area, the average value of the GW.Q.I. was 177, classified as poor for drinking uses.

The production and use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are increasing worldwide. The release of this substance into the environment can induce toxic effects in aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates, although the exact nature of its impacts on Neotropical amphibians is still poorly understood. In this context, the present study evaluated the toxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles and their counterpart—dissolved titanium dioxide (TiO₂)—in the tadpoles of Dendropsophus minutus. The biometric parameters, DNA damage, and behavioral changes were verified in tadpoles exposed to three different concentrations (0.1 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, and 10 mg·L⁻¹) of TiO₂ nanoparticles and dissolved TiO₂ for 7 days. We verified significant DNA damage in the D. minutus tadpoles exposed to both forms of Ti, in comparison with the control group. We also identified a reduction in total size, body length, and width, and the height of the musculature of the tail of the tadpoles exposed to all concentrations of both substances in comparison with the control. In the behavioral test, the tadpoles exposed to nanoparticles and dissolved TiO₂ presented reduced mobility and a tendency to be less aggregated than normal. Here, the simultaneous use of multiple biomarkers was fundamental for the reliable assessment of the adverse effects of nanomaterials on anuran amphibians and the establishment of a systematic approach to the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems. The present study expands our understanding of the genotoxic, morphological, and behavioral effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles and dissolved TiO₂ on anuran amphibians, and contributes to the establishment of further research for the more systematic assessment of the environmental risk of nanomaterials.

The phenomenon of “equifinality for different parameters” limits the link between parameters and catchment characteristics; however, solving the equifinality problem is a major challenge in the development, generalization, and application of a model. This study focused on the Yanhe River Watershed to investigate the time-varying characteristics of sensitivity and identifiability of SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) runoff and sediment parameters based on the Sobol’ and generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation methods. The results indicate that (i) the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II has good adaptability and reliability in parameter calibration of the SWAT model in the Yanhe River Watershed. The evaluation indicators (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, R², and percent bias) of monthly runoff and sediment in the Ganguyi hydrological station were all satisfactory per the SWAT model during the calibration and validation periods. (ii) The interaction between runoff and sediment parameters is a crucial reason for parameter sensitivity, which has obvious time-varying characteristics and is largely dependent on precipitation in the Yanhe River Watershed. Temporal and spatial variability of precipitation should be considered in the detailed analysis of parameter identifiability, and watershed managers should not ignore changes in the runoff process when regulating sediment. (iii) Only a relatively small number of parameters can be identified in the runoff and sediment simulation process of the Yanhe River Watershed, such as CN2 (initial soil conservation service runoff curve number for moisture condition II), CH_K2 (effective hydraulic conductivity in main channel alluvium), ALPHA_BF (baseflow alpha factor), USLE_C (cover and management factor), USLE_P (support practice factor), and USLE_K (soil erodibility factor), due to high surface runoff, reduced lag time, reduced low flows, increased peak flows, and channel erosion, respectively. More importantly, there is a strong positive correlation between parameter identifiability and parameter sensitivity. Both are effective methods of parameter diagnosis, but the identifiability of parameters is not equivalent to its sensitivity. Our results strongly suggest that a detailed parameter sensitivity and identifiability analysis is a critical step in improving hydrological model performance to reduce the risk of “equifinality for different parameters” while articulating all relevant hydrological processes.

Durability performance of concrete is enhanced by adding supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash. The concrete made with addition of fly ash with Portland cement is called fly ash cement concrete (FACC). Generally, modelling approach is applied to predict the service time of concrete in aggressive environment. Most degradation of concrete is found in marine environment, due to the exposure of concrete to chlorides. Service life modelling is performed using diffusion equation (Eq. 1) with diffusion coefficient (D) equation (Eq. 2), and to get the diffusion coefficient (D) over time, ageing factor is used for analysis. During modelling stage, as this phase of study is started well before construction, concrete for its durability performance is checked. As well, service life modelling is performed for the existing structures, so that the time to failure may be obtained. In recent times, failure of Miami Building, USA, June 2021, has raised the importance of service life modelling (SLM) of reinforced concrete structures (RCC) in chloride environment. So, in such environments, a more need of more reliable results is raised. Presence of a number of ageing factors in literature raises a question which ageing factor is more approximate. Dependency of performance of modelling approach is on the selection of more approximate values. So, in present study, performance of ageing factors for fly ash cement concrete (FACC) is checked. So, literature was surveyed and the long-term chloride diffusion coefficient (D) values were obtained for fly ash cement concrete (FACC). It was found that a significant difference is present in the predicted values with different available ageing factors. Since results obtained from modelling depend on the parameters, so it can be assumed that the variation of chloride diffusion coefficient (D) will vary the results. So, in present study, a new ageing factor was developed. Service life modelling for durability with fly ash cement concrete (FCC) may be relied on the newly developed ageing factors, as this will give better results, which will be more reliable.

The present study aims to examine the impact of climate change on wheat and rice yield in Punjab, India, during 1981–2017. The study employs fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and pooled mean group (PMG) approaches. The Pedroni cointegration has established a long-run relationship of climate variables with rice and wheat crops. FMOLS and DOLS models show that minimum temperature has a positive effect on both wheat and rice. In contrast, the maximum temperature is found to be negatively contributing to both crops. Rainfall has a significant adverse impact on the production of wheat. In the study period, seasonal rainfall has been found detrimental for the production of wheat and rice crops, indicating that excess rainfall proved counterproductive. Moreover, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test has revealed a unidirectional causality running from minimum temperature, rainfall, and maximum temperature for rice and wheat production. The findings of the study suggest that the government should invest in developing stress-tolerant varieties of wheat and rice, managing crop residuals to curb other environmental effects, and sustaining natural resources for ensuring food security.

Microbial sulfate reduction, a vital mechanism for microorganisms living in anaerobic, sulfate-rich environments, is an essential aspect of the sulfur biogeochemical cycle. However, there has been no detailed investigation of the diversity and biogenesis contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in arsenic-contaminated soils from realgar deposits. To elucidate this issue, soil samples from representative abandoned realgar deposits were collected. Microcosm assays illustrated that all three samples (2–1, 2–2, and 2–3) displayed efficient sulfate and As(V)-respiring activities. Furthermore, a total of 28 novel sequence variants of dissimilatory sulfite reductase genes and 2 new families of dsrAB genes were successfully identified. A novel dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum sp. JL1, was also isolated from soils, and can efficiently respiratory reduce As(V) and sulfate in 4 and 5 days, respectively. JL1 can promote the generation of yellow precipitates in the presence of multiple electron acceptors (both contain sulfate and As(V) in the cultures), which indicated the biogenesis contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria to the realgar mine. Moreover, this area had unique microbial communities; the most abundant populations belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteriota, which were attributed to the unique geochemistry characteristics, such as total organic carbon, total As, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻. The results of this study provide new insight into the diversity and biogenesis contributions of sulfate-reducing bacteria in arsenic-contaminated soils from realgar deposits.