Agricultural and food industries constitute a significant part in the economy of European Union (EU), thus providing 15 million jobs and creating 4.4% of the gross domestic product. EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is adopted in all 27 member states and a significant part of budget is allocated to implement it - in 2008 it was 58.8 billion EUR or 44.5% of the total budget. This research performed the analysis of the theoretical, historical and economic aspects of the CAP. Eight main stages of the reform can be distinguished in the CAP development. They have their own characteristics, goals and main support tools. The process of the CAP reform has not been finished yet.

In the paper, the philosophical and historical evolution of social transfers and their role in Latvia's social security system have been investigated. Definitions of social transfers have been studied, and a classification of social transfers has been made. The most suitable social security system, which, to a great extent, depends on social policies and a socio-economic situation in a country, is elaborated in every country. Latvia's social security system includes state social insurance, state social benefits, social services, and social assistance that are based on financing from both the state basic budget and the state special budget, and municipal budgets. Social transfers have a significant role in the social security system in order to provide protection for the population in social risk situations; they impact the welfare of the population during this period.

The environment relating to the history of civilization is the notion, which more and more is used when thinking about the changes occurring in Latvian culture. In this research are considered all Latvian palace and manor parks and classified as an integral part of the heritage. The research was done from the year of 2009 to 2010. Fundamental principles the quality of today’s parks were taken, first of all, evaluating the cartographical and historical materials and available literature sources, secondly, chosen, mostly historically rich and varied parks, evaluating basing on landscape evaluation criteria, and, thirdly, summarizing the qualified parks, for working out qualitative and sustainable park development models in the future researches. Working out the evaluation system and principles of historic parks, it is possible not only to reanimate the historical landscape, but also get back the total landscape atmosphere, in spite of the loss of the main ensembles or their partly ruination. The park qualification, structure investigation, landscape inventory and analysis, as well as European experience in historic landscape maintaining and development, according to a similar landscape structure, which nowadays successfully functions as a heritage, is the base for an optimal and sustainable culture landscape development. The worked out order helps in understanding and analyzing the meaning of the historic park and its successful development tendency, in which are marked out the most important heritage objects in the particular landscape and they are reverted in a vital pulse and social processes.

Health care has an important role in regional economic and politic development because human life and health is the only criterion and prerequisite for any other value. If for any reason human loses more than 20% of his blood, he is not able to join in economic actions and is under a risk of dying. That is why economic development loses human resources. In case of losing blood, human life can be saved only by donor blood, since synthetic blood replacements have not been discovered yet. In this paper, historical development of blood donor movement as an aspect of economic development has been researched. Experiments, failures and scientific discoveries in blood transmission history have also influenced world economic history. Based on historical literature in Latvia and eye witness stories, historical development of blood donor movement in Latvia as well as its role in health care as a part of economics is studied in this paper.

The research deals with public art, and its related discourses. The particular focus of the paper is on investigating how public art can be a resistant or controversial part of the urban space. The first part of the paper describes the historic development of public art through time. Subsequently, the discussion goes on to the main aspects which dominate art in the public, urban space. We focus on the site-specificity realm, sculpture and installation, the role of public art in urban regeneration as well as influences in society. Today, it is argued that public art shifts its focus from object to process, from artist to audience, and that the artwork becomes part of city development policies, approaches to people’s everyday life. Currently the quest of contemporary public art becomes one of the main subjects to explore and find definitions for. The methodology used in this paper is descriptive, based in a historical point of view. The aim of this research is to find out the main development lines of public art, trying to answer questions such as: how is public art expressed in the urban space realm? What is its potential?

The aim of this research is to evaluate the spatial differences of the agricultural economy of Latvia during the First Republic by using spatial autocorrelation calculations. Morans’s I coefficient of spatial autocorrelation is used to describe the spatial relations of the analyzed indicators. The obtained results show that Moran’s I for more than half of the obtained parameters is greater than 0.5, which indicates a rather high spatial autocorrelation. It was observed that variations of the spatial autocorrelation values can be explained by what affects these parameters. Spatial autocorrelation is significantly higher for those parameters whose value depends mainly on the variety of natural factors (land use, specific crop share). Moran’s I value for those parameters whose values depend on the actions by the local government in rural parishes is considerably lower (for example, budget allocation, etc.) A large portion of the examined parameters characterizing the level of parish economic development show the biggest differences when comparing Latgale with the rest of Latvia. In the case of such regional differences, Moran’s I is usually within 0.5–0.7, indicating moderately close spatial autocorrelation. For many indicators regarding agriculture and land use many southern parishes within Jelgavas and Bauskas county show a very considerable difference from the rest of Latvia showing much higher rate of agricultural production.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the spatial differences of the agricultural economy of Latvia during the First Republic by using spatial autocorrelation calculations. Morans’s I coefficient of spatial autocorrelation is used to describe the spatial relations of the analyzed indicators. The obtained results show that Moran’s I for more than half of the obtained parameters is greater than 0.5, which indicates a rather high spatial autocorrelation. It was observed that variations of the spatial autocorrelation values can be explained by what affects these parameters. Spatial autocorrelation is significantly higher for those parameters whose value depends mainly on the variety of natural factors (land use, specific crop share). Moran’s I value for those parameters whose values depend on the actions by the local government in rural parishes is considerably lower (for example, budget allocation, etc.) A large portion of the examined parameters characterizing the level of parish economic development show the biggest differences when comparing Latgale with the rest of Latvia. In the case of such regional differences, Moran’s I is usually within 0.5–0.7, indicating moderately close spatial autocorrelation. For many indicators regarding agriculture and land use many southern parishes within Jelgavas and Bauskas county show a very considerable difference from the rest of Latvia showing much higher rate of agricultural production.

The article is devoted to the analysis of historical, cultural, and architectural importance of Miklouho-Maclay park, a monument of landscape art. It examines the archive data about the family of the famous traveler, ethnographer, anthropologist Mykola Mykolayovych Miklouho-Maclay who lived in Malyn (Zhitomir district Ukraine) at the end of XIX and the beginning of XX century, his contribution to the development of landscape art. It is shown that the park contains 57 species of arboreal-shrub plants including 34 species of trees, 22 shrubs, and one shrubbу liana. 23 of them (40%) are introduced species. The author offers the direction of parkland reconstruction and points out recommendations on territory zoning.

The change in landscape is a never-ending process. In this article information regarding watermills and small-scale hydroelectric power plants historical development in Latvia has been summarized. The research was conducted from September 2010 till April 2011 with the aim of summarizing information regarding impacts to landscape from changes occurring from 12th century till 21st century. The research had a detailed view about the usage history of the watermills, small-scale hydroelectric power plants buildings, and energy producing constructions. The fundamental changes in energy producing mechanisms and legislation regulations changes that have an impact on river open space landscape and on landscape use in surrounded territories of watermills and small-scale hydroelectric power plants landscape were analyzed and studied carefully. The territories were described and analysed using historical, monographic, and comparative methods. The paper gives possible descriptive historical classification of these industrial landscape elements. The historical progress and legislation evolution until the 21st century has also been summarized.

The theme of landscape identity becomes actualized beside with the impact of globalization. Landscape identity is closely linked to the Latvian national identity. The concept of identity is multifaceted and touches on a number of scientific areas that currently in Latvia are actively investigating this phenomenon. Landscape investigators admit the multidisciplinary structure of the concept of identity, including in their researches the investigations of historical, visual and associative aspects. Landscape identity is related to detection, identification and definition of landscape elements, because landscape elements are the key to the perception of identity. The method of landscape identity assessment is based on three stages: the assessment of the historic, visual and cognitive elements in formation of landscape identity. The assessment of historic elements in formation of landscape identity is associated with the investigation of historic materials and description of structural elements according to the stages of development. The assessment of visual structural elements of landscape identity is based on the material collected during the field work by filling in the landscape assessment matrix. The assessment of cognitive structural elements of landscape identity is based on the opinion survey, which makes it possible to find out the concealed associative identity. The information obtained in all stages of landscape identity assessment forms the landscape identity model. The aim of the research is to develop the method of landscape identity assessment. The research was carried out at Latvia University of Agriculture in 2010.