Sowing area under oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.) has increased during last decade in Latvia and has become more or less stable since 2007. Lack of research on impact of sowing date, sowing rate, fungicide as growth regulator application and other agroecological factor issues on rape autumn growth is observed. The aim of our research, started in autumn 2007 in Research and Study farm Vecauce, was to investigate the influence of applied agroecological factors (five sowing dates, four sowing rates and fungicide (as growth regulator in autumn) application on two type winter rape varieties development in autumn. Winter rape biometrical parameters, dry matter content and dry mass per square m of leaves were estimated. Sowing date affected height of growth point, root neck diameter, plant and root mass, main root length significantly (p is less than 0.05). Sowing rate affected only some indices significantly in autumn 2007. Fungicide (juventus 90 s.c. - metconasol 90 g LE-1) application also affected rape plant biometric parameters during autumn depending on conditions of research year - height of growth point decreased only in year 2007, effect on number of leaves per plant was observed in both trial years, plant weight (2007) and root length (2008) were affected for hybrid variety. Sowing date showed effect on dry matter content in leaves as well as on dry matter mass of leaves per 1 square m. Fungicide application increased dry mass of leaves per 1 square m in two earlier sowing dates. Results are important also for outline of further research directions evaluating significance of above mentioned factors for winter rape wintering in Latvia.

Winter rape (Brassica napus L.) significance among field crops is unchangeable for last decade in Latvia. Rape plant development in autumn, plant wintering and plant yielding is partly influenced by plant density. The aim of our research, started in autumn 2007 in the Research and Study farm ''Vecauce'', was to investigate the influence of agro-ecological factors (sowing date, sowing rate and fungicide (as growth regulator in autumn) application) on two type (line and F1) winter rape varieties' plant density in autumn, in spring and at harvesting. Plant density in autumn, in spring and during harvesting was determined also by meteorological parameters as air temperature and precipitation. Oilseed rape field germination was observed from 84% sown on 1st of August in 2007 till 67% sown on 1st of August in 2008. A significant impact (p is less than 0.05) of the sowing rate was noted for plant winter hardiness (in points) for variety 'Californium' in both years: 2008 and 2009. Fungicide application effect on plant survival during winter was observed for treatments with greater plants density. A very little average plant number decrease per square m during summer growth period was noted for all treatments in both years - within 1 to 4% in some cases. The tendency was observed that final plant density at harvest if greater sowing rates had been used, was never high on average for 'Californium' from 75 plants per 1 square m (120 germinable seeds per square m) to 60 plants per 1 square m (100 germinable seeds per square m) in 2009. Correlations between plant density at harvest time and seed yield were found.

In the last years total area of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) has increased notably in Latvia, including the Eastern part of the country but there is a lack of actual information about buckwheat growing, best terms of sowing and seeding rates. This study presents the influence of different sowing times, methods and rates on the seed quality of buckwheat yield – (TGW) thousand grain (nutlet) weight and (HLV) bulk density. A field experiment was conducted on the farm “Arāji”, Krāslava region in 2010 and 2012. Buckwheat was sown on six different dates - 15.05, 25.05, 30.05, 05.06, 10.06 and 15. 06. Two types of sowing were used – drill sowing, where 4 seed rates were used - 200, 300, 400, 500 fertile nutlets per m2 , and the column sowing with the three seed rates - 150, 250, 300 fertile nutlets per square m. It was found out that crop sowing time and type significantly affected buckwheat yield quality. Compensation mechanisms of yield in early terms of sowing when lower seeding rates were used were expressed less than that in later sowing terms. It could be concluded, that in early terms different seeding rates could be used with equal success. In later terms of sowing, smaller seeding rates are more appropriate. After two year investigation the most suitable sowing terms were around 4th and 9th June, where TGW and HLW was the highest. The most inappropriate terms were around 25th and 30th May, because meteorological conditions after sowing in both years were unfavorable that resulted in 0.5 to 1.0 t haE-1 lower yields.

There is a lack of an actual information concerning cultivation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), on the best methods of sowing and seeding rates. The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the buckwheat yield forming elements depending on sowing type, time and rate. Trials were established in farm “Araji”, Kraslava area, during 2010. Previous crop was spring barley. Buckwheat cultivar ‘Aiva’ was used in the field trial. Sowing was done on six different dates – May 15, 20, 25 and 30, and June 4 and 9. Two different types of sowing were used – drill sowing, with 4 sowing rates 200, 300, 400, 500 fertile nutlets per 1 m2, and the column sowing with the three sowing rates 150, 250, 300 fertile nutlets per m2. Data analyses were run using MS Excel Two factor analyses of variance. Time of sowing and seed rate had a significant influence on the buckwheat yield forming elements. Evaluating the performance of plant density at column sowing, it was found that plants survival rate was higher than that in drill sowing. The highest individual productivity of the plant was observed in plots sown in columns. The yield of buckwheat was on average 30-50% higher in the plots that were sown from June 4th to 9th if compared to those sown from May 15th to 20th, i.e. earlier sowing times were not the most suitable for buckwheat sowing in 2010.

Chemical composition of crops before winter is important for successful overwintering of plants. The aim of the research, carried out from 2007/2008 till 2009/2010 at the Research and Study farm ‘Vecauce’, was to investigate the influence of agricultural practices (sowing date, sowing rate, and fungicide application) and meteorological conditions during winter on the content of sugar in apical bud and root of two types of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. The content of sugars (monosaccharides) in apical bud and root in autumn and following spring was analysed using the Luff–Schoorl method. Sugar content in apical bud and root of winter oilseed rape in autumn and spring differed depending on the trial year, because of different, even contrary (in season 2009/2010), meteorological conditions. Sugar content was higher in plant parts developed when rape was sowed on earlier sowing dates, but it was substantially influenced by the sowing date only on some occasions. Sowing rate had no impact on sugar content in apical bud and root. Application of a fungicide as a growth regulator had no significant impact on the result, but sugar content decrease during winter 2009/2010 in the root of winter oilseed rape was smaller when fungicide as growth regulator was applied.

Lack of data about effect of meteorological conditions, sowing date, sowing rate, fungicide as growth regulator application and other agroecological factors on rape autumn growth is observed in Latvia. The aim of our research, started in autumn 2007 and continued up to autumn 2010 in Research and Study farm ''Vecauce'', was to investigate the influence of agroecological factors (sowing date, sowing rate and fungicide (as growth regulator in autumn)) application as well as meteorological conditions on autumn plant growth of two types of winter rape varieties. Winter rape biometrical parameters were estimated, and meteorological parameters (hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) and growing degree days (GDD)) were calculated. Four year results showed that winter oilseed rape seed germination was affected by precipitation and air temperature around the sowing time. Calculated GDD correlated with plant biometrical parameters during trial years. HTC showed moisture effect on rape emergence time. Sowing date was important factor which had strong and significant impact on biometrical parameters of rape plants in autumn. Earlier sowing date increased height of growth point, root neck diameter, plant and root mass, and main root length significantly for both cultivars in four trial years. Such agro-ecological factor as sowing rate (plant density) affected plant biometrical parameters only in some trial years. Plant weight was significantly influenced by sowing rate for both cultivars if sowing rates were equal. Other important parameter - height of growth point - was not significantly influenced by sowing rate for both cultivars when similar sowing rates were used in all years; exception was year 2009 for 'Californium'.

Catch crops contribute to soil and environmental quality, which has determined a growing interest in their use as a nature-based solution. Though, the introduction of catch crops increases the complexity of farm management and is related with additional costs. In Latvia, the area under catch crops accounts for less than 5% of the arable land, while 30% is bare over the winter. In order to identify the possibilities for promoting of catch crops in Latvia, the objective of the study is to explore the support practices for growing of catch crops in the Baltic Sea region countries. The paper seeks to explore the main benefits associated with the growing of catch crops, followed by the study and synthesis of the main support measures. For the study, numerous information sources have been explored and appropriate research methods applied. Catch crops reduce nutrient leaching from the soil, transfer nutrients to the next crop, improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion, and mitigate climate change; these benefits can translate also at farm level, mainly as reduced N inputs. Growing of catch crops is being increasingly supported in the Baltic Sea countries – as a greening measure and by different agri-environment and climate measures of the RDPs 2014−2020. Growing of economic focus area catch crops (supported in quite a similar approach in these countries) and introduction of agri-environment scheme for catch crops (supported in directly and/or indirectly targeted way) can contribute to the solving of environmental problems and decrease the share of bare land left over the winter in Latvia.

The greatest interest in the cultivation of spring wheat is in regions with an increased intensity of late fallow. However, there are also stronger tendencies to limit the area of its cultivation (similarly to other spring cereals), which is mainly due to a lower level of yielding. Farmers decide on the sowing date of varieties mainly after plants that leave the field late, e.g., potatoes, beets and maize. That is why these varieties are usually called „alternative wheat”. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of autumn sowing date on the yield and the technological value of the grains of selected spring wheat varieties. A two-factor field experiment was established using a split-plot design at the Experimental Station of Cultivar Testing (ESCT) in Bezek (51°12′06″N 23°16′06″E), the Lubelskie Voivodeship, Poland (2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011). Experimental factors were as follows: A) sowing date – I – October, II – November, III – spring, B) spring wheat variety: ‘Tybalt’, ‘Cytra’, ‘Bombona’, ‘Monsun’, ‘Parabola’. It was found that grain yields of spring wheat sown in the autumn were higher than those sown in the spring term. Without regard to the sowing term, the highest grain yields were obtained from ‘Tybalt’ cultivar.