Considering the fact that the supply and demand of ecosystem services may be geographically different, therefore, the management of this spatial heterogeneity requires the evaluation and zoning of ecosystem services in the form of spatial maps. Accordingly, in the present study, the spatial distribution of ecosystem services in the mangrove forests of Khamir and Qeshm was evaluated and zoned. According to the results in this area, cultural services have the most points among the available services due to the high entertainment value. Therefore, among the examined criteria, leisure and nature tourism have more demand for spending leisure time and tourism due to its pristine landscapes, aesthetic values, education, recreation, etc. Likewise, among provisioning ‎ecosystem services, traditional fishing (Moshta) is scattered in most areas of this region within the main tributaries and estuaries and has the largest supply in the area.  This ecosystem service is important among the residents of the area, the reasons for which are the livelihood and economic dependence of the local people on this service. Finally, the prioritization of ecosystem services distribution in the studied areas demonstrated that the most services offered and with the highest priority in the area are related to cultural services. In this service, the highest priority is also given to the standard of recreation and nature tourism on the high class, and other services, including aesthetics, sense of place, heritage value, spiritual and religious value, education, and inspiration, are placed in the next priorities. Accordingly, zones that have a high density of mangrove habitats also have a high supply of cultural services. Therefore, examining the spatial distribution of ecosystem services through the evaluation and zoning of these valuable resources can help to correct the plan and protection of natural ecosystems to meet human needs.

The usefulness of many forms of spatial studies relies on the nature of the topics under study. Geographers and urban planners have a long-lasting tradition of studying the data derived from spatial issues at regional and urban levels. Nonetheless, no standard has been offered so far on the provision of statistical results in the form of spatial units. Therefore, the results of the previous studies in this field have been influenced by the scale and zoning effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of scale and zoning on the spatial unit results. To this end, the rural areas located in the southern parts of West Azerbaijan province were selected. This study adopted the critical positivism approach and used quantitative data collection and analysis. Moreover, this research project was descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose.  The statistical population of the study included 1143 villages with an overall population of 418948 in 9 southern cities of West Azerbaijan province. The study was done using 8 indices of rural services, which were composed of 77 indicators in total. Then, the effect of scale and zoning on the results was analyzed. The results showed that the value of Moran’s statistic related to the overall index of rural service distribution level has been 0.39 at city, 0.06 at rural district level, and 0.05 at village level. Accordingly, the distribution of rural services has been clustered at the city level, but has been random at rural district and village levels. Moreover, the results of the rural services overall index was 15.09 at city level, 10.88 at rural district level, and 2.31 at village level. This shows that by changing the spatial unit scale, the results of the spatial distribution of services has totally changed. This finding is true for zoning, too; with a change in the zoning pattern, the results of spatial units have changed. These findings show that the nature of rural service distribution alters with the change in the scale and zoning models.

The risk of earthquake always influences the human communities and inflicts irreparable damages to them. Therefore, preparation against this crisis through the identification and elimination of vulnerable parts is effective in reducing the damages of earthquakes. As Iran is located on one of the two major seismic belts of the world and has many faults, the occurrence of earthquake in the Iranian plateau is natural. Iran is among the top ten countries with the highest rates of earthquakes. Urmia city, which is located on the skirts of Zagros mountain range, is not an exception in this regard, and every year many earthquakes with different intensities occur in this city. Therefore, in order to confront the foregoing issue, we need precise studies regarding construction and safety. In this study, to evaluate the rate of vulnerability to earthquakes, the effective parameters were identified and then were weighted using fuzzy hierarchical analysis. The vulnerability map was prepared using index and fuzzy logic overlay method for Urmia statistical blocks and was presented in the spatial information system environment. The obtained results indicated the vulnerability of nearly 50 percent of the city area to earthquake (i.e., 151574 m2), with .005 percent having a very high vulnerability grade and .40 percent (i.e., 11538359 m2) a high vulnerability grade to earthquake.

The habitat development and establishment are directly related to the natural bedrock and geomorphologic complications. Due to topographical and geological conditions, the area under study has certain limitations in locating and developing human settlements. In order to reduce the hazards in the southeast of Khorasan Razavi province and modify plans for the development and establishment of human settlements, the feasibility of the area under study for residential development was investigated. After conducting library and field studies and selecting appropriate criteria, the fuzzy logic model was applied using the GIS software to identify areas for habitat development and establishment. In this study, to identify the potential areas for habitat development and establishment based on geomorphologic landforms, eleven parameters – including slope, slope direction, elevation, soil, land use, elevation, distance from fault, distance from river, distance from road, distance from settlement, and geomorphology – were used as independent variables in identifying geomorphological abilities and bottlenecks in the area. The results of zoning based on the fuzzy model showed that about 61% of the study area is located in very inappropriate and inappropriate classes, which means that geomorphological conditions in this part of the study area are unfavorable for the development and establishment of human settlements. About 14.58% of the study area has moderate conditions and about 24% of the study area shows favorable geomorphological conditions for construction activities and creation of new habitat areas. Alluvial fan units and alluvial plains are the most suitable sites for habitat development and establishment.

Industrialization and Urban sprawl together with population growth and increases in water consumption cause water pollution and destruction of natural resources quality; these are followed by reducing access to available resources such as drinking water. Every year a significant amount of urban waste water is discharged to water resources, while natural treatment is impossible. Cities in each level require different facilities and infrastructure. optimal resource utilization with appropriate site selection for water & wastewater facilities have an important role in water quality in the major cities and can control water pollution, so it has been considered to increase the quality of life in cities, also the neglect of attention to climate condition such as morphology, hydrology and topography cause negative impacts on urban environment. There are different models and methods to select suitable sites for facilities. They are specifically important in arid land where water resources have become increasingly scarce. One of the methods is zoning. In this paper satellite images have been used to locate facilities in a typical arid city in Iran, Shiraz. The large-scaled (landscape scale) land use maps has been prepared for Shiraz-Neiriz water basin, and the distinctive zones were determined base on arid and semi arid geo-hydro morphology. Then each zone were analyzed using large-scale land use, soil and topographic factors to determine adequate potential sites for facilities by regarding sustainable development and considering the cumulative effects of upstream area. At the end, some suggestions were determined to reduce urban environment pollution.