Gel Sefid village is in Mashayekh village in central part of Ardal city of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province. In the research, QuickBird satellite image in Google Earth software was used to introduce the landscape of this village and to recognize the whole human uses and natural spots in the study area. Then the resulting map was transferred to ArcGIS 3.1 software and the area land use map was prepared after necessary processes in the software. In addition to the primary harvested polygons for providing the training samples area, field visit once again was accomplished and all the harvested complications were controlled to estimate the accuracy of the harvested complications. Therefore, all the layers were transferred to GPS and all the harvested complications were controlled by referring to the field. In the next step, to analyze the landscape of the study area, Frag Stats software and NP, CA, PERIM, MNN and SHAPE metrics were used. Results showed that local people have created the different uses in the region during consecutive years. The natural bed of area has been forest that the existence of human-made patches such as village, mining, sand workshops, roads and petrochemical pipes have caused the marginal area to face the critical level of danger and have caused the loss of biodiversity in this region. Therefore, the area preservation with the participation of local people should be the priority of programs to prevent the further damages to the area.

In this research, first was identified suitable regions (considering ecological indexes) for intensive and extensive outdoor recreation and their various degrees using the usual tourism ecological model and applying GIS. Results showed that 297.223 hectares of park area have class 1 of extensive outdoor recreation potential, 86.465223 hectares class 2 of extensive outdoor recreation potential, 1.126 hectares class 1 of intensive outdoor recreation potential and 137.417 hectares class 2 of intensive outdoor recreation potential and 16.212 hectares of park area is protection region. In the next step, with field surveys wefound that one of problems that increases rudeness in park nature is absence of attention to all effective factors of outdoor recreation potential of the park. Thus with refer to field, recorded points of water resources, recreation facilities, access road and tourist attractions using GPS these non-ecologic factors as positive informational layers were mixed with primary outdoor recreation capability map and final outdoor recreation capability map was maed. Final results showed that although the usual method is very efficient, it most, because don't consider all effective factors of recreation and enter other informational layers except ecological factors

This article has tried to achieve a full understanding of Regional goals of creating new towns and expand the concept of regional balance , survey these towns especially Andishe new town to balance the regional employment and residence space. Datas have been gathered from Library research methods, In-depth interviews and Match data with satellite images,after that these datas analysised with Cross-sectional and triangulation methods. The results are expressed: Andishe new town by absorbing part of the overflow crowd of Metropolitan area and providing employment to its residents and Surrounding urban areas for its part as a planned place has had the most influence to balance the regional employment and residence space

This paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of France’s spatial planning system. The rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in France, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. The vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning and monitoring developmental impacts shows a progressive and evolutionary process. Meanwhile, the essence of two levelled approach to planning that defines development at the strategic level and reveals its fruits at the action plan level has made France successful in achieving development goals and preserving its green-fields. In the inner cities with the approval of the new planning law of “Urban Solidarity and Regeneration” there has been a revision in land use planning approach and the mechanism of “Local Urban Plans” preparation has led to the integration of planning process.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, most countries in response to the complexities and problems of urbanization began their first actions of spatial planning. Switzerland is not excluded from this list and started spatial planning acts from the lowest level and today, after more than a century, is continuing with emphasis on spatial planning principles of sustainability, public and private partnerships and using extensive modeling and simulation techniques and progress. The purpose of this article is to introduce spatial planning system in this country, and consists of three main sections: the first section is a brief introduction on the political, geographical, economical and social situations. In the second section, it examines the background, and difficulties of spatial planning system and section three has put forth some conclusions. Swiss spatial planning system is done in three levels: Confederation, Canton and Communes with emphasis on vertical and horizontal corporation at different levels of planning and autonomy of Cantons.

Spain has had so many evolutions in its urban planning system and it is one of the countries with regional system. Regarding to its successful experience in this issue, this research tries to look over this system. In this respect, we will introduce the general characteristic of this country and will review urban system in its different levels. At the end, we will point to new urban acts and actions. Results show that despite this country’s activity in all national, regional and local levels, there is a strong planning in regional level. In recent years, it has also established new regulations to bridge the gaps in the urban planning system. In recent years, it has also established new regulations to bridge the gaps in the urban planning system.

Zagros forests are a treasure of various valuable species of oak in Iran and the world. Long-term misuse in the past has caused severe degradation in the Zagros forests. Recently these forests have become national but misuses by local people to make living because of poverty and unemployment are continued. In order to reduce degradation and improve sustainability, ecological capability for extensive ecotourism was assessed using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), geographic information system (GIS) & remote sensing (RS) in 9150 hectare of Baneh forests. The ecological criteria and sub-criteria affecting the evaluation were selected based on the literature and expert choice. The criteria and sub-criteria were weighted using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Sub-criteria were mapped on 1:50000 scale using available maps, field work and IRS-P6 satellite data. Then sub-criteria maps were classified and classes were scored according to literature review and expert judgments. An extensive ecotourism priority map was created using GIS-based weighted linear combination (WLC) model by MCE analysis. The most important criteria of extensive ecotourism in study area were water resources, landscape and climate. Of the whole area, 450, 7883 & 817 hectare were in 1, 2 & 3 priorities. According to compatibility of extensive ecotourism with present land uses, it can exist in the whole parts of study area ecologically. In addition, this study demonstrated the potentiality of integrating MCDM, GIS and RS techniques for resource allocation in ecotourism planning.

Today, the knowledge of regions’ strong and weak points and the existing gaps between regions is necessary for better planning and programming to deal with them. Using such indexes as economic, sociologic, cultural, sanitary and other indexes which can be good criteria for the position and place determination of these quotients, is the main solving problem factor to achieve economic welfare, sociologic health in assessing stable development. That is the more careful this process is the more effectiveness is expected. Thus in this study three methods of numerical taxonomy, factor analysis and fuzzy logic have been used for the identification of Khuzestan province counties development ranking in 1379 and in 1386. Besides this ranking, comparative analysis of these methods has been done. Results show that the development opportunities of many counties in this province in 1386 compared to 1379 have been destroyed. Results also indicate that condense variability in numerical taxonomy is less than the two other methods. In fact, this method stands between the two methods in the ranking. Perhaps the difference in multiplier is due to standardization which can omit many clustering aspects of criteria. Indeed, it seems that fuzzy logic ranking is more reliable.

In the early years, the rising of the sea level, which is a part of natural treatment, destroyed many buildings, arable lands, residential and commercial areas. It seems that the main reason of these destructions is the diminishing of the legal setback efficiency and the proceeding of human activities. The aim of this study is to introduce the appropriate setback for southern coast of Caspian Sea (Gilan province) on the basis of critical levels of Caspian Sea and the results of coastal vulnerability regarding sea level rise. This setback is composed of two parts, vertical buffer and horizontal buffer. In this study, CVI method (coastal vulnerability index) was used for coastal vulnerability assessment. In this method, five variables were employed as in two sub-indexes, natural and human-induced sub-indexes. The final map is divided into four categories, from low to very high vulnerability. Finally the mean distance from the very high vulnerability category to vertical buffer boundary in every district is introduced as the horizontal buffer.

Industrial revolution, colonialism and spreading of patterns of development and consequently the vast rural and urban migrations and centralism in recent century caused the creation of unbalanced population distribution pattern in Iran. In addition to areas in which inequalities of environmental and productive resources increase space disparity of distribution of populations, in arease like Azerbaijan that have balanced environment and productive resources, this inbalance shows itself. The aim of this paper is to review such inequalities in the urban system. In this regard we used three index categories: Urban primacy, rank-size, and decentralization, and statistical data of years 1335 to 1385 have been assessed. The results indicate lack of equilibrium, concentration and the phenomenon of Urban primacy in urban system of the area, and during the period most indices had decreasing and were going toward the balance.