By predicting land use changes, the extent of the expansion and destruction of resources can be determined, and future policies can be pushed in the right direction. The aim of this study is modeling the land use changes process in Mashhad by using Landsat satellite images related to 1989, 2008, and 2014. Initially, based on the hybrid method (unsupervised and supervised classification combination), land uses were classified into six classes. Then, by using the Markov chain, the transmission matrix between 1989 and 2008 was calculated and by applying it in the Markov-CA model, the land use map for 2014 was predicted. In the following, the predicted land use map for 2014 with the actual 2014 land use map was compared with the Crosstab table, and the total Kappa coefficient was 0.91. Accordingly, the accuracy of the predicted Markov-CA model was confirmed. Finally, this model was used to predict land use in 2030. Therefore, by entering the 2014 reference map as the base map, the 2030 land use map prediction map was extracted. The results showed that from 1998 to 2030 there will be an increasing trend in urban and arid lands and a decreasing trend in agricultural lands and gardens. The results indicate that the Markov-CA model can contribute to the design of a sustainable urban system.

Identifying tourism attractions is a basic requirement in the local and national community toward balanced and harmonious development of land potential. This study aimed to evaluate the tourism attractions of Gharahsoo watershed in Golestan province, northeast of Iran, based on the impact and effectiveness of environmental criteria. After determination of criteria and preparation of layers, criteria analysis was done based on the impacts and effectiveness of the criteria using DEMATEL method. Entropy Shannon method was used for weighting criteria. Finally, the spatial analysis was done by employing the TOPSIS method. The results showed that landform and plant density, in terms of the impact, and access to facilities, in terms of the effectiveness, have priority over the other criteria. Also, the criteria weighting results showed that the criteria access to facilities, landform and plant density with the value 0.229, 0.147 and 0.123 are a priority to the other criteria, respectively. Finally, the results showed that, in terms of tourism attractions, the areas of the southern of Gharahsoo watershed are in suitable conditions and the rest of the area, especially the northern parts, has unsuitable conditions.

Land cover always has changed due to human activities and natural phenomena,. Intensive and variety of these changes in urban environments are more than others. The objective of this research was assessment of the temporal and spatial changes for two coastal cities (Chalus and Babolsar) and two non-coastal cities (Ghaemshahr and Amol) in Mazandaran province with the view to compactness, complexity and centrality of urban form using landscape metrics. The research methodology was a quantify method and the land use maps were produced in three classes (urban, cropland and water) by maximum likelihood classificationusing Landsat satellite images. For landscape change analysis 12 landscape metrics were used in the class and landscape level. The results show that the NP for cropland in four cities increased, which represent fragmentation, loss of continuity and interference in cropland. Additionally, increasing trend of number of patches was observed in two cities Ghaemshahr and Babolsar in landscape level that showed fragmented structure in these cities. Also, ENN-MN decreased only for Ghaemshahr that means high centralization was occurred in this city. Generally, the significant difference was not observed between coastal and non-coastal cities with the view to compactness and complexity.

Planners always face a set of spatial conflicts in allocation of land to a particular activity; this implies that a land may be used for two or more parallel applications. Currently in Town and Country Planning programs recognizing priorities in the land allocation process are modeled independently without considering the role of other land uses, and as potential land-use conflicts are an issue that has been ignored. The purpose of this study is to introduce and use the LUCIS model to identify land allocation priorities along with conflict modeling. To implement the model, with using the Python programming language an ArcGIS toolbox has been developed. Due to the developed system, defining inputs, weights and stakeholder priorities, land use modeling will be done automatically. Finally, priorities and also major conflicts in the study area have been identified. Results of this study show that, in addition to having the capabilities of other models in land suitability analysis, LUCIS can properly model existing conflicts. Therefore, it is recommended that a separate part under title "Identification of land suitability conflicts"  be specified in the descriptive setting of Town and Country Planning programs.

Plan quality evaluation has turned to a significant approach considered by the urban studies both in order to help the success in implementation of the plan and to make better plans. Thus, the current study evaluated the "Master Plan of Pooladshahr City" as case study and used a framework for evaluation of quality of urban development plans based on the synthesis of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Analytic Network Process (APN) methods. In fact, after extracting indicators of theoretical studies, the network connections between indexes is built using ISM and its output becomes as an input in the evaluation process of ANP. The most shortcomings of this plan can be considered as lack of public participation in plan preparation process, lack of use of scientific methods and local values in visioning, and adapting it with all the elements of the plan besides lack of indicators for monitoring the success. Although the efforts of the plan producers for inclusion of such concepts as sustainable development, urban competitiveness, public participation, etc. in a reasonable methodology which cannot be seen in the conventional service description of planning has been significant,  it has not been much considered by the plan itself.

The diverse forces for location of coastal lands and the complexity of different and contradictory interests of these spaces asked new public management to cooperate with public sector and this was the beginnings of privatization of coastal lands. The review of experiences in different communities, shows the main discourses for creation of coastal exclusive spaces, including security, consumption and culture. This research aims to explore the categories of exclusive spaces in a case study and develop the current conceptual framework for the coastal exclusive spaces in pre-urban areas. With applying case study research strategy and the qualitative method approach, the documentary analysis method was used in which the coding technique analyzed the data, gathered from interviews, documents and local observation. It is found that security and culture does not make sense in the case study but for consumption, there is another category and that is the exclusive spaces created under the discourse of public good consumption with the support of governmental and state forces.

Spatial justice with scientific and humanitarian teachings, cause the weaknesses and strengths in different areas. Since most of the allocation and distribution of national and regional resources in the country through focused planning, The present study is an analysis of spatial justice of rural services in the Isfahan province. The research method is descriptive and analytic. The required data were collected through documents. This study, using the 8 Rural Services measures consists of 77 variables was performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel. Validity of measures confirms using factor analysis and then used as input to numerical taxonomy technic. The obtained results using the GIS software were designed as a map and charts. In this research counties were divided into three groups in terms of distribution of rural services. The results indicated that there is inequality in the distribution of services and showed that rural services are not distributed fairly in the counties of Isfahan province. In other words, in the sparsely populated areas, focused service centers and in more densely populated areas, the lack of service evident. And for rural service delivery in the Isfahan province not pay any attention to important factors such as population.

Regional differences and inequality in many countries is a major challenge in the way of achieving balanced development goals, particularly those countries such as Iran which sovereign a large geographical territory. Due to past poor national and focused planning, development and its basis in geographical regions of the country, has revealed significant differences in the development process. Analysis has been done using documentary and survey data collection methods and a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Data were gathered through documents, questionnaires and Delphi techniques. Then in the second stage of Delphi, using the opinions of experts and officials in charge of the study area, cross-impact matrix was completed in order to evaluate the impact of factors on each other in regional imbalances of Gilan province. Then, with the use of analytical techniques and software MicMac, factors related to inequality of Gilan province were studied and by analyzing the effect of variables in the creation of regional imbalances, the key factor ,”spatial one-dimensional development“ was identified and finally appropriate strategies to equilibra in Gilan province were presented.

Tourism is an important tool for development in the world. Many countries attention to their policies and programs, to continue the development of Tourism as an effective tool in political, cultural and economic developments. This study discusses the identification of key factors believable and optimal future in the future of Hamadan province's regional tourism. The study, in terms of functional purpose, In terms of type, combination of documentary and survey methods, In terms of nature, Based on new methods of futures studies, analysis and discoveries which uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative models has been done. Given the importance of this research, In this study, Structural Analysis, methods, Scenario Planning and Delphi have been used. The results showed that 14 key factor impressive the future of tourism development in Hamadan province. These factors based on a scenario analysis lead to 41 possible statuses. After analyzing the probable scenarios, 4111 scenarios with low probability, 14 believable scenario and 5 scenarios with high probability in the development of tourism in the Hamadan province were identified. Finally, Article provides strategies for the Hamadan province's tourism development.

The occurrence of natural and human disasters can create heavy casualties in cities and urban areas and such a critical issue makes it inevitable to pay a great deal of attention to the vulnerability and safety aspects of cities and the accessibility to the urban welfare standards from the perspective of passive defense. The geostrategic location of Koohdasht city in Iran and its vulnerability against medium risk earthquakes as well as the strategic defensive role of the city in western parts of the country highlights the vital importance of vulnerability against earthquakes in Koohdasht city. This is a descriptive analytical research with a theoretical- applied essence. In order to achieve to the objectives of the survey, the critical and sensitive uses were identified based on the existing references and the spatial data bank was extracted using Delphi method and based on a survey consisted of 20 pundits. On the other hand, the principle of adjacency was taken into account. Based on the effectiveness of various indicators the combined model of FAHP-GIS was utilized to design the location model and the final raster of the vulnerability of urban infrastructures was provided using Arc GIS software and Spatial Analysis tools through the application of fuzzy overlay functions. The results of the study indicated that about 68 percent of the city infrastructures by meeting the conditions of adjacency between 0.29-0.55 and the vulnerability in the range of 0.45-0.71 fell in the high vulnerability zone.