Traditional medicine is still the only treatment in many rural areas especially the rural communities of east. Due to limited access to modern medicine, local people use medicinal plants to treat most diseases. Some herbs contain powerful contents and must be treated with the same precautionary care as in the case of drug, we do. In fact, a lot of drugs are basically based on artificial verities of natural composite in plants. For example, the heart drug Digitalis comes from a foxglove plant. Some drugs are single active substance derived from botanical sources. Herbalists believe that if the active ingredient is isolated from other parts of the plant, its action may be lost or its safety may be reduced. E.g, salicylic acid is present in a plant of meadowsweet which is used for aspirin production. Aspirin may cause bleeding in the gastric mucosa, but meadowsweet contains some other compounds naturally that interfere with the stimulation of salicylic acid. According to some practitioners, the effect of whole plant is greater than its parts individually. Critics believe that the nature of the herbs makes itself difficult to administer of such active ingredients. Herbs contain active ingredients, Mostly of them have unknown ingredients. As with other prescription drugs, herbs should always be prescribed by a qualified doctor.

Global climate is estimated to change drastically over the next century and the ecosystems will be affected in this changing environment. Plant-associated beneficial microorganisms can stimulate plant growth and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Nowadays, the effects of climate change factors such as increased carbon dioxide (CO2), drought and warming on plant-beneficial microorganism interactions are increasingly being investigated in the scope of plant growth and health. Recent studies have shown that high CO2 level has a positive effect on the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi, whereas the effects on plant growth promoting bacteria and endophytic fungi are more variable. Elevated CO2 conditions lead to increased colonization of beneficial fungi. Additionally, the results of increasing CO2 levels, warming and drought, depend upon the plant and the microbial genotype. Also, plant growth promoting microorganisms, especially bacteria, positively affect plants exposed to drought stress. Altered communities of beneficial microorganisms depending on climate changes, might have to compete with different microbial communities and, therefore microbial activities may also get affected. This work presents that climate change is an important factor affecting microorganism and plant interactions, needs to take into consideration the adaptation processes in plants and microorganisms and might require the selection of adapted plant cultivars.

Önümüzdeki yüzyılda küresel iklimin büyük ölçüde değişeceği ve ekosistemlerin bu değişen ortamdan etkileneceği tahmin ediliyor. Bitki ile ilişkili faydalı mikroorganizmalar, bitki büyümesini uyarabilir ve biyotik ve abiyotik streslere karşı direnci artırabilir. Günümüzde artan karbondioksit (CO2), kuraklık ve ısınma gibi iklim değişikliği faktörlerinin bitki faydalı mikroorganizma etkileşimleri üzerindeki etkileri, bitki gelişimi ve sağlığı kapsamında giderek daha fazla araştırılmaktadır. Son çalışmalar, yüksek CO2 seviyesinin mikorizal fungusların bolluğu üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğunu, buna karşın bitki büyümesini teşvik eden bakteriler ve endofitik mantarlar üzerindeki etkilerinin daha değişken olduğunu göstermiştir. Ek olarak, artan CO2 seviyeleri, ısınma ve kuraklığın sonuçları bitkiye ve mikrobiyal genotipe bağlıdır. Ayrıca bitki büyümesini teşvik eden mikroorganizmalar, özellikle bakteriler, kuraklık stresine maruz kalan bitkileri olumlu yönde etkiler. İklim değişikliklerine bağlı olarak değişen faydalı mikroorganizma toplulukları, farklı mikrobiyal topluluklarla rekabet etmek zorunda kalabilir ve bu nedenle mikrobiyal faaliyetler de etkilenebilir. Bu çalışma, iklim değişikliğinin mikroorganizma ve bitki etkileşimlerini etkileyen önemli bir faktör olduğunu, bitkilerde ve mikroorganizmalarda adaptasyon süreçlerinin dikkate alınması gerektiğini ve adapte edilmiş bitki çeşitlerinin seçimini gerektirebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts from plants namely Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita, Thyme serpyllum and Chenopodium album L. were evaluated for their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antibacterial efficiencies. The antioxidant activities were screened utilizing DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, CUPRAC activity and total antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial activity of the tested extracts was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. U. dioica and C. album extracts showed varying activities against the test bacteria. The hexane extracts of T. serpyllum and C. album showed the weakest copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity of the solvents are increased in the following order: Ethanol>Chloroform>Hexane. Our results revealed that all of the tested plants might be an alternative to synthetic antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Flavones and flavonoids are known to have potent antioxidant activity due to intracellular free radical scavenging capacities. Flavonoids are found ubiquitously in plants as a member of polyphenolic compounds which share diverse chemical structure and properties. Quercetin is among the most efficient antioxidants of the flavonoids. The antioxidant property of quercetin has been highlighted in this review. These compounds have pivotal role in treatment of diabetes, cancers and some cardiovascular diseases.