Bioactivity of medicinal plants is due to presence of various kinds of primary and secondary metabolites. Among studied phytochemicals polyphenol was in higher quantity (16.7 ± 0.7 g/100g). Antipathogenic efficacy of C. tamala has been tested against, S. typhi (MTCC 3216), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 7837), S. aureus (MTCC 3160), P. mirabilis (MTCC 1249) and B. subtilis (MTCC 736) by agar diffusion method and broth dilution methodand all the strains were affected by methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of C. tamala. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in agar diffusion method were 1.25mg-5mg and 2.5mg-5mg for methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts respectively. Complete inhibition was observed in broth dilution method at1.25mg/mL-9mg/mL and 1mg/mL-13mg/mL concentration of methanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. The leaf extracts did not show cytotoxic at 0.2mg.mL- 1mg/mL concentration of aqueous leaf extract but showed haemolysis at 1mg/mL concentration of metanolic leaf extract of C. tamala. C. tamala leaves showed high nutritional values (143.5 ± 0.5 Kcal/100g). The nutritional components like protein, fats, carbohydrates and edible fibres were 6 ± 0.5, 8.5 ± 1.8, 9.5 ± 0.5 and 30.5 ± 0.6 g/100g respectively. Therefore it can be concluded that leaf extract of C. tamala can be used safely against above mentioned human pathogens and for the preparation of new pharmaceutical drug.

Recently, most genomic research has focused on genome editing methods to develop new technologies that could be easy, reliable, and feasible to edit plant genomes for highly productive agriculture. Genome editing is based on alternating a specific target DNA sequence by adding, replacing, and removing DNA bases. This newest technology called CRISPR/Cas9 seems to be less time-consuming, more effective and used in many research areas of plant genetic research. CRISPR/Cas9 systems have many advantages in comparison with ZFNs and TALENs and has been extensively used for genome editing to many crop plant species. Around 20 crop species are successfully worked out for trait improvements, for example, yield improvement, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and biotic and abiotic stress management. This review paper will overview recent advances in CRISPR/Cas genome editing research in detail. The main focus will be on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in plant genome research.

In developing countries, consumption habits have changed with the increase in population, the development of technology and industrialization. For this reason, good management of the increase in the amount of solid waste by municipalities is very important for the health and sustainability of nature. The location of the facility to be established is important for the regular storage and efficient disposal of solid wastes. Site selection of landfill facilities in the ‘Site Management and Operation Guide for Landfill Facilities’ published by the General Directorate of Environmental Management; The ratio of the volume to the area, the distance to the buildings, the wind direction, the external view (landscape), the effect on the traffic on the side, the profit from the finished facility, and the effect on the water are evaluated under the sub-headings. With the ‘Konya Solid Waste Management Project’, ‘Aslım Sanitary Landfill’, which was used until 2017, was closed. Instead, the ‘Konya Solid Waste Landfill Site’, which was established in a different region to meet the need, was put into operation. In the study to be carried out in this context; Both fields were evaluated according to the specified criteria and compared with each other using the Analytical Hierarchy Method. As a result, it is aimed that the success rate of the location selection of the new solid waste storage area will be revealed and it will be a base for similar studies to be done in the future.