Keçi sütü, besin madde içeriği bakımından insan beslenmesi için büyük öneme sahiptir. Ayrıca, keçi sütü ve keçi sütünden elde edilen ürünlere olan talep son yıllarda artış göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte sütün mikrobiyolojik özellikleri insan sağlığını da direk etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışma da farklı çiftliklerden elde edilen keçi sütlerinin besin madde içeriği ve bazı mikrobiyolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, elle sağım yapan çiftlikler belirlenmiş ve Sağımı takiben yeteri miktarda süt örneği alınarak +4°C’de laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Süt örneklerinde, sütün bileşimi, toplam aerob mezofilik bakteri sayısı, maya-küf sayısı ve koliform bakteri sayısı tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek protein, laktoz ve katı madde oranı (%), 2 ve 4 numaralı çiftliklerden alınan süt örneklerinde elde edilmiştir. Sütteki yağ oranı en yüksek 4 numaralı işletmeden alınan örnekte tespit edilmiştir. 2, 3 ve 4 numaralı çiftliklerdeki sütlerde benzer mineral madde miktarlarına sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Toplam aerob mezofilik bakteri (PCA) sayısı (191×104), maya-küf (PDA) sayısı (42×103) ve koliform bakteri (VRBA) sayısı (710×102) en yüksek 2 numaralı çiftlikte tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bazı süt bileşenleri bakımından istatistik olarak çiftlikler arasında farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Asıl önemli farklılığın ise süt hijyeni bakımından olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, sütlerin elde edildikleri çiftliklere göre mikrobiyolojik özellikler açısından önemli değişiklikler gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu değişiklikler ise bu sütleri doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak tüketen insanların sağlığı üzerine etki edebileceği de söylenebilir.

Bu çalışmada, Niğde İli Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliğine üye büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinden sabah ve akşam toplayarak işleme tesislerine sattığı sütün kalite değerlerinin korunmasını esas alan bir toplama ve taşıma modelini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma kapsamında birliğe üye 19 hayvancılık işletmesinden 12 ay boyunca ayda 2 kez çiğ süt numuneleri alınmış ve birliğin laboratuvarında teknik personellerce analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizlerde yağ, protein, yağsız kuruma madde, toplam kuru madde ve laktoz değerlerinin yanı sıra somatik hücre ve toplam bakteri sayısı ölçüm değerleri toplanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda sütler toplam bakteri yüküne göre dört farklı tipe ayrılmıştır. Hayvancılık işletmelerinin coğrafi konumları ve belirlenen süt tipine göre toplama rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda önerilen model “Tank Bazında Bölünebilir Talepli Matematiksel Model” olup GAMS 23.4.3 versiyonunda CPLEX 12.1.0 Solver’ı kullanılarak çalıştırılmış ve optimum süt toplama rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Planlama 19 süt üreten büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmesinden Toplam Bakteri Sayısı esasına göre belirlenen 4 farklı tipteki sütün Toplama Merkezine belirli kısıtlar altında taşınmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Son yıllarda yaşanan süt arzındaki artış işleme tesislerinin daha seçici davranmalarına imkân vermiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak daha temiz ve kaliteli sütü alma konusundaki kriterleri artırmıştır. Ayrıca bu işletmeler kalite değerleri yüksek süte daha fazla ücret ödemeyi de kabul etmektedirler. Niğde Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliği’nin işleme tesisleri ile yaptığı kalite bazlı sözleşmeler sonucu yeni toplama modellerini uygulanması zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bundan sora yapılacak çalışmalarda hayvancılık işletmesinden alınan sütün nihai ürün olarak tüketiciye gidinceye kadarki süreçte izlenebilirliği oldukça önemli bir çalışma konusu olacaktır.

In recent years, apart from the nutritional values of foods, functional properties have also gained importance. Bioactive peptides are the fragmentation products of proteins that have a positive effect on human health. Bioactive peptides in cow's milk are released as a result of hydrolysis of milk proteins with proteolytic enzymes. Bioactive peptides have biochemical and physiological properties such as immune regulation, mineral binding, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, opioid, anti-oxidative, anti-ulcerative, antithrombotic, antitumor and apoptosis. In this review, bioactive peptides in milk and milk products and their antimicrobial properties and effects on human health were evaluated.

Applying different technological processes during the production of food has a lethal effect on the bacteria but DNA of these bacterial strains may cause false positive results when detected by real time PCR technique because they preserve their existence for a certain period of time. To overcome this shortcoming of the real time PCR technique, a new method has been developed in recent years, based on the removal of dead cell DNA from the medium by treatment with Propodium Monoazide (PMA) before DNA extraction. In this study, real-time PCR method was combined with PMA application for the detection of live cells of Salmonella Typhimurium in heat treated milk samples. For this purpose, milk samples inoculated with S. Tyhimurium were heat treated at different temperatures (60, 65, 70 and 75°C) and times (15, 60, 300, 900 sec) and number of live bacteria was determined comparatively by direct real-time PCR, PMA/real-time PCR and conventional cultural method. As a result, unlike the direct real time PCR technique, PMA/real-time PCR method prevents to a certain extent of false positive results from dead cells at all tested temperatures and times but higher results were obtained from PMA/real-time PCR method when compared to conventional cultural results. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to optimize the conditions of the PMA application in order to eliminate the high positive results detected by the PMA / real-time PCR method

Even though dairy products play an important role in infant and human nutrition, they may also cause food borne diseases. Milk toxin AFM1 is one of the most important public health hazards. This toxin is produced by animals after consuming contaminated feed with AFB1 which is known for its carsinogenic effects and then excreted in milk. Same as AFB1, AFM1 is also carsinogenic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and immunsupressive for humans and cannot be destroyed by sterilization or pasteurization. For that reason, studies on cost effective and rapid methods for detection and detoxification of AFM1 in milk are quite popular among researchers. In this review, the worldwide prevalence of AFM1 in milk and milk products has been presented as well as the developments in techniques to detect and detoxify.

The fermentation is ended with pH 4.6 values in industrial production of kefir. In this study, the incubation temperature, the incubation time and inoculums of culture were chose as variable parameters of kefir. In conventional control systems, the value of pH can be found by trial method. In these systems, if the number of input parameters is greater, the method of trial and error creates a system dependent on the person as well as troublesome. Fuzzy logic can be used in such cases. Modeling studies with this fuzzy logic control are examined in two portions. The first part consists of fuzzy rules and membership functions, while the second part consists of clarify. Kefir incubation temperature between 20 and 25°C, the incubation period between 18 to 22 hours and the inoculum ratio of culture between 1-5% are selected for optimum production conditions. Three separate fuzzy sets (triangular membership function) are used to blur the incubation temperature, the incubation time and the inoculum ratio of culture. Because the membership function numbers belonging to the the input parameters are 3 units, 3x3x3=27 line rule is obtained by multiplying these numbers. The table of fuzzy rules was obtained using the method of Mamdani. The membership function values were determined by the method of average weight using three trapezoidal area of membership functions created for clarification. The success of the system will be found, comparing the numerical values obtained with pH values that should be. Eventually, to achieve the desired pH value of 4.6 in the production of kefir, with the using of fuzzy logic, the workload of people will be decreased and the productivity of business can be increased. In this case, it can be provided savings in both cost and time.

The aim of the study is comparing the milk consumption habits of the students of the Department of Dairy Technology and Department of Agriculture Economy The survey was conducted with 66 students from Department of Dairy Technology and 84 students from Department of Agriculture Economy. It is indicated that 82.54% of the students from Department of Dairy Technology and 74.07% of the students from Department of Agriculture Economy get information from expert organizations (universities, private companies, etc.) about the importance of milk in nutrition. According to the Chi-square tests, there is a significant relationship between the department preference variable and the sources which are getting information and found reliable by the students and milk consumption variable. Besides, it is indicated that 98% of the students from both of the departments prefer pasteurized and UHT milk rather than raw milk.

The somatic cell count (SCC) is commonly used as a measure of udder health and milk quality. Thus, to determine the milk quality standards in many countries, it legally determined as an indicator of somatic cell count raw milk and determines the level of payments to milk producers. The present study investigated that the somatic cell count is an indicator of udder health status, diagnosis of subclinical mastitis, health and quality of milk and milk products, its importance and effect factors on it.

In this review, the share in total and the presence of cattle in provinces of GAPUTAEM has been referred. According to official data of 2012 of TUIK, when number of cattle was 11.972.923 heads in 1991, in 2012 years increased 13.914.912 heads. According to year of 1991, number of cattle increased 16%. In our country, the number of Anatolian Water Buffalo declined from 366.150 heads to 107.435 heads during 1991-2012 and this reduction is 70.6%. 15.977.838 tons milk was obtained from dairy cattle of 5.431.400 heads and average milk yield was 2.942 kg/head. 46.989 tons milk was produced from 46.959 heads of Anatolian Water Buffaloes and average milk yield was 1.006 kg/head. However, there were totally cattle of 1.173.008 heads in study field of Institute. 1.098.895 tons milk was produced from cattle of 451.039 heads. Totally, there were 15.478 heads Anatolian Water Buffaloes in 11 provinces. 6.384 tons milk was produced from 6.738 heads Anatolian Water Buffaloes in 2012. Across the country, despite cattle (domestic) decreased, cattle (cross-bred) and cattle (culture) had increased. The possibility of breeding of native cattle should be investigated. Also, growers and technical staffs should be trained that affected by entering of culture breeds.

The Central Anatolia Region is one of the seven geographical regions which are 151 thousand square meters of surface area and it is about 21.0% of Turkey's land area. The population rate of cattle breeds in the Central Anatolia Region is 20.4% exotic cattle breeds, 19.1% crossbred, 11.6% native cattle breeds and total 18.1% in Turkey. The Central Anatolia Region cattle population is consists of 43.9% of exotic breed, 43.5% crossbred and 12.6% the native cattle breeds. The population of exotic cattle breeds (69.5%) in Nigde province is the first place and followed by Eskisehir provinces rate of 65.6% in the Central Anatolia Region. The rate of crossbred cattle population is the highest rate (65.0%) province of Sivas and followed by Çankırı province (62.8%). Ankara and Yozgat province has the highest rate of native cattle breed 28.3% and 25.5%, respectively. The total populations of cattle breeds in Konya and Kırıkkale provinces were found maximum 518.291 cattle and minimum 45.426 cattle, respectively, in the Central Anatolia Region. The population rate of exotic and crossbred cattle breeds has increased 67.0% and 11.8%, respectively, while population rate of native cattle breeds has decreased 30.3% from 2007 to 2011 in the Central Anatolia Region. The 20.1% of sheep, 8.2% of goat and 18.3% rates of total livestock population in Turkey are in the Central Anatolia Region. The population rate of sheep and goat of the Central Anatolia Region is 20.1% and 9.5%, sheep and goat respectively and 18.3% total in Turkey. The 70.9% for Angora goats, 8.2% hair of goats, and 17.7% indigenous of sheep breeds and 66.0% crossbreed to national Sheep and Goat population has risen in the Central Anatolia Region. All of these results are evaluated, Central Anatolia Region, Turkey, the contribution of animal products grown by population of cattle and small ruminants is important and can be considered a center of attraction for investment in animal breeding