Ecological livestock is a production method which allows all kinds of natural behaviors to be shown, fed with ecological feeds, in order to increase efficiency additives are not used, healthier products are offered to consumers, is sensitive to environmental awareness and animal rights. Especially in recent times, livestock sector has been in demand due to significantly increase of demand for ecological products. Main purpose of ecological agriculture is maintaining production optimization in the life chain between soil, plants, animals and humans healthfully. For this purpose, it is necessary that computer technology should be used at every stage of ecological animal husbandry. Although family-run businesses are in the forefront nowadays, computer technology is not utilized sufficiently. Consequently, information cannot be recorded regularly at every stage of breeding by them. Essential automation system is accompanied by record keeping system that is obligatory and necessary for ecological animal husbandry. Utilizing computer technologies will be crucial in terms of effective use of livestock organizations, creation of ecological animal production policies and strategies, and more active involvement in production planning.

Abstract The sustainable agriculture of forest plantations demands the permanent monitoring of the quantity of processed wood, thus becoming difficult to monitor large planted areas by using only manual procedures. Therefore, in this research artificial neural networks (RNA) of multilayer perceptrons, were modeled to estimate the spatial of wood volume in a Eucalyptus-sp plantation located in the state of Mato Grosso del Sur in the Central-West region of Brazil. As input variables in the RNA spectral bands, the textures of the bands obtained with Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrices and vegetation index were used, which were derived from digital satellite image Spot 6. The resulting RNA with the best performance presented accuracy of 93.32% and coefficient of determination of 0.9761. However, this network presented a mean square error of 16.32% (RMSE de 7.85 m3ha-1), but with a unbiased distribution of the residuals. So, the model showed to be suitable to monitor the amount of wood in large areas without overestimating or underestimating the prediction. Compared with different machine learning methods using the same variables, the built network seems to have a higher precision and accuracy. Even in the neuronal models using only spectral bands and vegetation indexes, a better performance was evidenced, showing that the textures contribute in the improvement of predictions. | Resumen La agricultura sustentable de plantaciones forestales exige la estimación permanente de la cantidad o volumen de madera que se está produciendo en un momento dado, lo que es difícil en extensas áreas de bosque, si solo se utilizan procedimientos manuales en campo. En la presente investigación se modelaron redes neuronales artificiales (ANNs, su sigla en inglés) de perceptrón multicapa para la estimación espacial de volúmenes de madera en una plantación de Eucalyptus sp. localizada en el estado de Mato Grosso del Sur, región Centro-oeste de Brasil. Para el efecto se emplearon como variables de predicción bandas espectrales, texturas de las bandas obtenidos con matriz de coocurrencia de niveles de grises e índice de vegetación, que fueron derivados de imagen digital de satélite Spot 6. La ANN resultante con mejor desempeño presentó una precisión de 93.32% y un coeficiente de determinación de 0.9761, con respecto a valores obtenidos con medidas de campo; no obstante, presentó un error cuadrático medio relativo de 16.32% (RMSE de 7.85 m3/ha), pero la distribución de los residuos no fue tendenciosa, por tanto, el modelo fue promisorio para mapear los volúmenes de madera en extensas áreas sin sobreestimar o subestimar la predicción. La red construida mostró mayor precisión y exactitud cuándo se comparó con otros métodos que usaron variables similares de estimación, inclusive en comparación con modelos neuronales que utilizaron solo bandas espectrales e índices de vegetación.

Children's playgrounds which are safe and quiet environments that children can play there have started to become rare as a result of rapid urbanization. Because, the studies have shown that unplanned and distorted urban spaces affect children's behaviours, attitudes and reactions in a bad way. In this study, the availability of children's playgrounds in 22 districts of the city centre of Ordu was investigated. In this context, firstly, children's play areas were determined based on the neighbourhood scale and then area calculations were made and the amount of play area by per child between 0-14 years was calculated in each district. In the second stage, accessibility maps for children's playgrounds were obtained by determining the availability of the playgrounds at 200m distance. The results of this study showed that children's playgrounds are not balanced in the city, increased in some districts, in some cases they are not within reachability limits and can not meet their needs.

In the last twenty years, the pork meat market in the United States was modified in many aspects including changes in concentration of the pig and pork production as well as on progress in the vertical coordination. The large production and the involvement of large capital does not allow producers to restrict production in a period of falling prices of pigs. As a result, fluctuations in supply, being the most important element of "hog cycle" is characterized by decreasing their amplitude. It is accompanied by changing of the cobwebs model from periodic to convergent fluctuations. However, regardless of small variations in production, pig prices are characterized by the same large amplitude fluctuations and their frequency as in previous decades. This happens due to two reasons. On the one hand, according to economic theory inelastic demand is accompanied by flexibility of prices. On the other hand, the pig prices are influenced by exchange rates of currencies with respect to dollar of the countries trading with the United States. Synopsis. W ostatnich dwudziestu latach rynek wieprzowiny w Stanach Zjednoczonych został poddany głębokim przemianom polegających na koncentracji podmiotów na wszystkich poziomach produkcji trzody i wieprzowiny oraz na postępie w koordynacji pionowej. Duża skala produkcji i zaangażowanie dużego kapitału nie pozwalają producentom na ograniczanie produkcji w okresie spadku cen trzody. W rezultacie wahania podaży, a więc najistotniejszy element w mechanizmie „cyklu świńskiego” charakteryzuje się malejącą amplitudą wahań. Oznacza to zmianę modelu pajęczyny z periodycznego na model wahań zbieżnych. Pomimo relatywnie małych wahań produkcji, ceny trzody cechuje tak samo duża amplituda wahań i częstość ich występowania jak w poprzednich dziesięcioleciach. Dzieje się tak, z dwu powodów. Z jednej strony zgodnie z teorią ekonomii usztywnionemu popytowi towarzyszy giętkość cen. Z drugiej strony na ceny trzody wpływ mają także kursy dolara do walut krajów, z którymi Stany Zjednoczone prowadzą handel zagraniczny.

Çalışmanın amacı, Erzurum’da ikamet eden tüketicilerin menşe işaretli Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketim tercihleri ve satın alma modellerini etkileyen temel faktörlere dayalı bütünsel pazarlama stratejilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmanın ana materyali, Erzurum ilinde ikamet eden ve Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketen 401 hane halkı ile yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen birincil verilerden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen verileri dikkate alarak; satın alma kararı üzerinde etkili olan ana faktörlerin belirlenmesinde Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) ve tüketicilerin tüketim sıklıklarına göre grupların oluşturulmasında İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; Karnavas Dut Pekmezi’ni yoğun ve ılımlı düzeyde tüketen kullanıcılar sırasıyla doğrudan pazarlama yaklaşımları altında kırsal kalkınmaya katkı sağlamak için menşe etiketli bütünsel kalite ve geleneksel üretim metotlarından sağlanan duyusal kalite niteliklerini dikkate alan yerel markalı genişletilmiş ve gerçek mamul imajlarının perakende seviyesinde konumlandırılmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan düşük düzeyde kullanıcılar ise, geleneksel üretim metotları ve hedonik kalite yaklaşımını uygulayan yerel markalı gerçek mamul imajları altında mamullerin konumlandırılması ve tutundurma karması ile yayılım etkisinin artacağı üzerine odaklanmışlardır. Bu yüzden her bir segmentteki kullanıcıların ihtiyaç ve istekleri dikkate alınarak, onların fayda beklentileri ile mamul imajlarına göre konumlandırma ve tutundurma stratejileri uygulanabilir.

Abstract Alternatives to good quality forages for animal feeding include small grain cereals such as triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), which presents environmental tolerance and acceptable nutritional value. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the forage yield, the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of three varieties of triticale (UAEMex, Bicentennial and Siglo XXI), by two conservation method (ensiled or hay). A completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment was used. The Siglo XXI variety got more forage (P < 0.0001) in both fresh and dry matter than the other treatments. There were differences (P < 0.05) between varieties, UAEMex presenting higher content of organic matter (OM 906 g/kg DM) and crude protein (CP, 156 g/kg DM) (P < 0.05), and Bicentennial and Siglo XXI presenting higher content acid detergent lignin (ADL, 72.3 ± 0.3 g/ kg DM). Higher quantities of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADL in the hay method (P < 0.05) were observed compared to the silage method. The hay preservation method produced higher values for digestible OM (OMD, 838 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (ME,MJ/kg DM) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in comparison with silage. The variety UAEMex had higher OMD, ME, GY24h and SCFA than the other treatments. Siglo XXI and the silage method showed higher milk yield (kg milk/ ha) (P < 0.005). It was concluded that the triticale variety Siglo XXI was superior to the other varieties by their forage and milk yield potential production, the silage conservation method presented greater fermentation than hay treatment. | Resumen Las alternativas a los forrajes de buena calidad para la alimentación animal incluyen cereales de grano pequeño como el triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), que presenta tolerancia ambiental y valor nutricional aceptable. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar el rendimiento de forraje, la composición química y la producción de gas in vitro de tres variedades de triticale (UAEMex, Bicentenario y Siglo XXI), por dos métodos de conservación (ensilado o heno). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. La variedad Siglo XXI obtuvo más forraje (P <0.0001) en materia fresca y en materia seca con respecto al resto. Hubo diferencias (P <0.05) entre variedades, UAEMex presentó mayor contenido de materia orgánica (MO 906 g / kg MS) y proteína cruda (PC, 156 g / kg MS) (P <0.05), y Bicentenario y Siglo XXI presentaron mayor contenido de lignina ácido detergente (LAD, 72.3 ±0.3 g / kg MS). Se observaron cantidades superiores de materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutro (FND) y LAD en el heno (P <0.05) en comparación con el ensilaje. El método de preservación del heno produjo valores superiores para la digestión de la MO (MOD, 838 g / kg de MS), la energía metabolizable (EM Mj/kg MS) y los ácidos grasos de cadena corta (SCFA) en comparación con el ensilado. La variedad UAEMex fue superior para la MOD, EM, GY24h y SCFA con respecto al resto. Las variedases Siglo XXI y el método de ensilaje mostraron mayor producción de leche (kg de leche / ha) (P <0.005). Se concluyó que la variedad de triticale Siglo XXI fue superior a las otras variedades por su producción potencial de forraje y producción de leche, el método de conservación de ensilaje presentó mayor fermentación con respecto al heno.

This study was carried out during the summer of 2014 to determine alternative quality forage sources that could be grown in the Aydın ecological conditions. In the study, effects of 3 different mixtures and 2 pure species (100% Buckwheat, 25% Buckwheat -75% Soybean, 50% Buckwheat -5 0% Soybean, 75% Buckwheat - 25% Soybean, 100% Soybean) and 2 different harvesting times (50%-100% flowering/buckwheat) on yield and quality characteristics were investigated. According to measurements, the highest average herbage yield was obtained from 75% Buckwheat-25% Soybean application (3100 kg/da) at 2nd harvest time. When the average of hay yield was examined, the results were similar to herbage yield. When ADF and NDF were examined, the highest values were seen at the 2nd harvest. When the crude protein ratios were examined, it was found that they decreased at the 2nd harvesting time and the highest value was determined at 100% soybean application at the 1st harvesting time (21.08%). When Digestible Dry Matter (DDM) and Relative Feed Value (RFV) were examined, the highest values were determined in 100%Soybean applications at first harvest time and when the mixture applications were examined, the highest values were determined to be 75% Buckwheat - 25% Soybean application. As a result of the study, it was determined that the yields obtained at the 2nd harvest time were higher but the forage quality decreased. When the mixtures were examined, it was determined that the mixture having the highest roughage value was 75% buckwheat + 25% soybean application. In this study, the buckwheat which have short vegetation and good quality and the soybean, which is infront of with high quality, mixtures were examined. It has also been found that these mixtures may be important for obtaining high-quality forage in the short and intermediate periods.

Se seleccionaron 79 introducciones de zapallo (Cucurbita moschata Duch) teniendo en cuenta el contenido de extracto etéreo (EE) de las semillas. El EE fue estable física y químicamente, con propiedades organolépticas óptimas de aceite comestible, no presentó características de rancidez; aceite semisecante (122.90 mg/g de KOH.); índice de acidez 3.25 mg/g de KOH; la prueba presuntiva de yodo supone presencia de polinsaturación y sin formación de cristales. La composición de ácidos grasos mostró: palmítico C16:0 (25.11 - 36.94%); esteárico C18:0 (10.79 - 13.37%); linoleíco C18:2 (48.23 - 62.41%); linolénico C18:3 (0.66%) y araquídico C20:0 (0.53 - 0.78%). El aceite de semilla de zapallo contiene 55.28% de ácidos grasos insaturados con una cantidad apreciable de linoleíco (55.11%). La torta de semilla presentó proteína (51.11 ± 0.95%) y energía (4604. 66 ± 134.08 kcal/kg). | In accordance with of ethereal extract (EE) of seeds 79 varieties of squash was selected. The EE was physical and chemically stable, with good organoleptic properties of edible oil: no rancidity character was present; saponification index was 122.90 mg KOH/g characteristics of semi dried oil; acid index was 3.25 mg KOH/gm typical of edible oil. The iodine presumptive test revealed the presence of polyunsaturation and the absence of crystals. The composition of fatty acid revealed: Palmitic acid C16:0 (25.11 - 36.94%); Stearic acid C18:0 (10.79 - 13.37%); linoleic acid C18:2 (48.23 - 62.41%); linolenic acid C18:3 (0.66%); arachidic acid C20:0 (0.53 - 0.78%). The extracted oil from squash seeds contained 55.28% of unsaturated fatty acid with an appreciable amount of linoleic acid (55.11%). The squash oilseed cake presented a protein (51.11 ± 0.95%) and energy (4604. 66 ± 134.08 kcal/kg).

Se seleccionaron 79 introducciones de zapallo (Cucurbita moschata Duch) teniendo en cuenta el contenido de extracto etéreo (EE) de las semillas. El EE fue estable física y químicamente, con propiedades organolépticas óptimas de aceite comestible, no presentó características de rancidez; aceite semisecante (122.90 mg/g de KOH.); índice de acidez 3.25 mg/g de KOH; la prueba presuntiva de yodo supone presencia de polinsaturación y sin formación de cristales. La composición de ácidos grasos mostró: palmítico C16:0 (25.11 – 36.94%); esteárico C18:0 (10.79 – 13.37%); linoleíco C18:2 (48.23 – 62.41%); linolénico C18:3 (0.66%) y araquídico C20:0 (0.53 – 0.78%). El aceite de semilla de zapallo contiene 55.28% de ácidos grasos insaturados con una cantidad apreciable de linoleíco (55.11%). La torta de semilla presentó proteína (51.11 ± 0.95%) y energía (4604. 66 ± 134.08 kcal/kg)