Bu çalışmada, Kelkit Çayı (Tokat) epilitik diyatomelerin aylık değişimi, yerleşim yeri altı ve tarım alanları altından seçilen iki istasyondan Mart-Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında aylık periyotlarda alınan taş örneklerinde incelenmiştir. Çalışma süresince epilitik diyatomelere ait toplam 18 takson kaydedilmiştir. En fazla taksonla temsil edilen diyatome cinsleri Cymbella (3 takson) ve Nitzschia (3 takson) olurken, her iki istasyonda tüm aylarda kaydedilen diyatomeler arasındaki en yüksek nispi yoğunluklar ise Ulnaria ulna türüne ait olmuştur. İstasyonlardaki diyatomeler arasında Sorensen Benzerlik İndeksi ise %56,41 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca istasyonlardan alınan su örneklerinde sıcaklık ve çözünmüş oksijen ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ölçülen bu değişkenlerin epilitondaki diyatome gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Epilitik florada tespit edilen diyatome türlerin nispi yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en düşük nispi yoğunluk 1. İstasyonda 4,76 olarak Mart ayında (Cymbella affinis ), 2. İstasyonda ise 2,83 olarak yine Mart ayında (Lindavia glomerata) kaydedilmiştir. En yüksek nispi yoğunluk değerleri dikkate alındığında ise 1. İstasyonda Navicula radiosa ve Ulnaria ulna türünde Aralık ayında (13,56), 2. İstasyonda ise Ulnaria ulna türünde Mart ayında (9,43) belirlenmiştir.

In this study, the eggs produced in uncontrolled village conditions were compared to free-range, organic and cage-system in two seasons, in autumn and spring, in terms of external and internal quality traits. In the autumn and spring period, 110 eggs were collected from the village eggs and 50 eggs from other production systems. In order to determine the fertility in the village eggs, 60 eggs were placed in a laboratory type incubator in both seasons and fertility control was made at the 18th day. All data of egg quality traits were performed by taking the average of the two seasons. Egg shape index, shell ratio, shell thickness, shell cleanness, shell defects, albumen and yolk traits differed significantly among production systems (P < 0.05). The lowest shape index, shell thickness and shell cleanness were found in village eggs. Higher shell rates were determined from eggs in cage and organic production compared to others (P < 0.05). The yolk height and yolk index were the lowest and the yolk colors were the darkest in the white cage eggs (P < 0.05). Brown cage eggs showed the better results in the majority of their quality traits. However, they had a higher meat and blood-spot level than other systems. In addition, the presence of cockerels in the village flocks caused the fertile eggs and approximately 85% fertility was obtained. Our results showed that it has become obvious that the village hen and free range hen eggs which can be marketed in high prices compared to the commercial eggs, have no superiority in terms of the traits they are considered. Besides, as they are significantly fertile, especially in hot summer months, according to storage duration and conditions, the probability of embryo development for these eggs has turned to be of high importance for consumption.

Fire blight, affecting more than one hundred and thirty species in the Rosaceae, is probably the most destructive disease affecting pear and apple cultivars in many countries. Currently, there are no effective synthetic compounds with systemic properties. Other major problem is the occurrence and spread of strains of Erwinia amylovora with resistance to streptomycin and copper. Taken into consideration the human and environmental health, the use of biocontrol agents either as an alternative or as a supplement within an integrated fire blight management strategy has attracted worldwide attention. In this study, E. amylovora solution of 107 CFU ml-1 was treated with bio-control agents, Bacillus subtilis str. QST 713, B. amyloliquefaciens str. MBI 600 and their mixture (at solution densities of 106, 107 and 108 CFU ml-1 for each one) on Petri dishes, containing King’s B medium and, compared with positive (streptomycin sulphate) and negative (sterile distilled water) controls. In vivo studies were performed on two-year-old apple cv. Gala seedlings grown in 45-cm-diameter pots containing a sterilized mix of soil–sand–peat under controlled greenhouse conditions (85% relative humidity, 25°C temperature and 16h of day light). The plants were irrigated as needed by drip-irrigation and each pot received a mineral solution (NPK: 20–20–20) at 2 g l-1 twice. When plant shoots reached a length of 30-35 cm, bio-control agents, individually and their mixture, were applied to the plants by a hand-sprayer. Obtaining the data, 108 CFU ml-1 of Bacillus spp. suspension mixture showed strongest in vitro antibacterial effect (26mm) among the tested treatments after positive control streptomycin (28.6mm). Parallel to in vitro findings, the mixture was most effective against the pathogen on cv. Gala (66.03%). Findings show that the use of mixture of beneficial microorganisms with individual antagonistic properties against the pathogen can be an effective strategy as a natural alternative to agrochemicals in the scope of good agriculture practices.

The sculpture, which is the expression of beliefs and fears in prehistoric times, has taken on different roles as an urban reinforcement element in all cultures with numerous themes. In the Middle Ages, it became an organic part of the architectural structure, teaching the truth about religious beliefs. With the Renaissance movement, it became independent by breaking away from the architectural structure and moved to the urban space. In the twenty-first century, its dimensions have grown to be equivalent to architecture, it has created its own space and established new aesthetic and functional relations with the audience. In this study, the relationship of some sculptures on the Alaeddin Keykubat campus of Selcuk University with the landscape elements was examined in terms of design elements and basic design principles. In the light of the data obtained, suggestions have been developed in order to increase the life and aesthetic quality of the campus.

In the present study, the production amount in the last five years (2015-2019) of Sinop province, which is located in the Black Sea Region and a significant part of fisheries production is carried out, was evaluated. For this purpose; Sinop Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) data were used. There are 2.326 commercial fishermen and 444 fishing boats in Sinop province. In the sea area of Sinop, 5 enterprises still produce culture fish in cages. The 2 potential marine culture areas identified in Sinop have an annual production capacity of 32.430 tons (31 enterprises). In addition, 5 bivalves (4.940 tons/year) and 1.000.000 number/year capacity juvenile fish production facilities are at the project stage. The total fisheries production of Sinop Province in 2019 was 34.620,9 tons, and 1.505 tons were obtained from aquaculture. In addition to these, 3.924 tons of fish processing facilities per year, and 35 tons of fish meal and oil processing facilities per year are operated. 66% of sea fish caught in Sinop are anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), 16% sprat (Sprattus sprattus phalericus), 13% horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), 3% bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and 2% consists of other species. The most preferred marine fish by the consumers are anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), whiting (Merlangus merlangus), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), turbot (Psetta maxima) and bonito (Sarda sarda) and sea bream (Sparus aurata), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) are the culture fish species offered for sale throughout the year.

Our country has many species in fruit and vegetable cultivation. One of them is Gilaburu fruit (Viburnum Opulus), which has spread to different regions, especially in Kayseri. Longer preservation of products in fruits and vegetables; Drying process has been applied since ancient times to prevent deterioration caused by microbial and/or biochemical changes. One of them and the most common one is convectional drying in other words drying in a drying chamber under controlled hot air stream. In this study, Gilaburu fruits were obtained from a local producer in Kayseri. Drying processes were carried out in a convectional oven at 60, 70 and 80℃ in three repetitions. The effects of different drying conditions on the drying characteristics of Gilaburu fruits were examined. Drying time for Gilaburu fruits decreased with increasing temperature. As a color parameter total color change with respective to fresh fruit (ΔΕ) was investigated. The results indicated that it remained almost identical with temperature change. Similar trend was observed for rehydration rate. Titration acidity and pH values showed compatible changes. With temperature increase, titration acidity increased, as pH decreased. As textural properties, skin-hardness and elasticity of dried fruits were measured. As hardness increased, elasticity decreased with temperature elevation. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of dried samples were also examined. The results showed that there were increases in both of them with an increase in temperature.

The genus Helichrysum contains many species displaying therapeutical effects and use in folk medicine. Helichrysum pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb. is one of these species, used in the region for traditional medicine and ornamental purposes. Plants have been used in the treatment in folk medicines since the earliest times of human history. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and other medicinal properties of plants are being investigated in laboratories throughout the world using the extracts and essential oils derived from medicinal plants. Essential oils are usually complex mixtures of natural compounds of both polar and apolar structure. Essential oils consist mainly of terpenoids and their oxygenated derivatives. Essential oils, which have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, have therapeutic properties and are the raw materials of cosmetics, as well as acting as natural additives in foods and food products. In this study, the volatile components of the H. pallasii plants were investigated which collected from its natural habitat in the Armutlu district of Bayburt province (Turkey) at the time of flowering. The proportion of essential oils of the plant harvested during the full flowering period and the aromatic components in the essential oil of the plant were determined using the SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) method in a Gas Chromatography (GC-MS) device. Almost 37 different components were found as a result of the analysis. The main components were found as α-Springene (34.89%), (-)-Isoledene (7.11%), δ-Selinene (5.79%) and Aristolene (5.09).

In this study, Hubbard Red JA57 genotype, which growing slowly in mixed sex, were examined in indoor (KYS) and free-range raising systems (SYS). The study was carried out at the Kahramanmaraş Sutcu Imam University (KSU), Animal Production Application and Research Center for 12 weeks. Each treatment was represented by 3 groups containing 28 male chick (total 168 chick). During the indoor treatment, the chicks were raised in floor pens in a conventional house (3.7 birds/m2). In the free-range treatment, the chickens were housed in a similar indoor house (3.7 birds/m2); in addition, they also had a free-range clover paddock (0.9 bird/m2). All birds were provided with the same diets as ad-libitum. In two different raising systems; live weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, carcass and parts rates, edible giblets weight and rates, testicular weights and rates, rectal temperature and tonic immobility were examined. Results showed that the weekly feed conversion ratio was found to be significant at the 11th week and the additive feed conversion ratio at the 12th week. The difference between the groups in terms of rectal temperature and tonic immobility values, testicular weights and rates were found to be significant. In terms of average interaction; While the average rates of hot carcass, cold carcass, back, breast meat and neck were the same, the averages of thigh, bony breast and wing ratios were different. The highest mean abdominal fat rate was found in KYS females, the highest average gizzard rate in SYS females, the highest mean liver in KYS females, and the highest heart weight in SYS males.

Kuru kaymak, geleneksel kaymağın tandırda ve/veya gölgede kurutulması ile üretilen bir süt ürünüdür. Bu çalışmada, Erzurum ve Nevşehir piyasalarından toplanan Kuru kaymak örneklerinde (10 adet) bazı fiziksel, kimyasal, tekstürel, mikrobiyolojik ve duyusal özelliklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca örneklerin görüntüleri, OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) görüntü işleme kütüphanesi ve C++ dili kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Kuru kaymak örneklerinde laktik asit (%) değerinin %0,46-1,21 aralığında ve pH değerinin 6,19-6,83 aralığında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Örneklerin ortalama kurumadde, yağ ve kül içerikleri sırasıyla %71,44, %42,25 ve %2,70 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan renk ölçümleri ile ortalama L* değerinin 77,42, a* değerinin 2,13 ve b* değerinin 17,44 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kuru kaymak örneklerinin ortalama sertlik değerinin 1761,37 N, esneklik değerinin 4,30, iç yapışkanlık değerinin 0,64, sakızımsılık değerinin 689,41 N, çiğnenebilirlik değerinin 1212,00 N ve elastikiyet değerinin 0,60 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Görüntü işleme analizi sonucuna göre örneklerin gözeneklilik durumu %12,27-29,84 aralığında değişmektedir. Mikrobiyolojik değerlendirme sonucunda örneklerde ortalama 3,94 log kob/g maya-küf ve 3,97 log kob/g koliform grubu bakterilerin bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca 4 örnekte Escherichia coli tespit edilmiştir. Görünüş, yapı ve koku parametreleri örneklerde sırasıyla ortalama 5,77, 5,75 ve 5,49 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, birbirinden farklı özelliklerde Kuru kaymak örneklerinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Unutulmak üzere olan bu geleneksel süt ürününün özelliklerinin optimize edilmesi, standart ve hijyenik koşullarda üretilmesinin gerekli olduğu düşünülmektedir.