Among all other agricultural products, cotton has an important place in terms of added value contribution and a wide usage variety in different industries. Turkey was the 7th largest fiber cotton producer in the world by the time period of 2016/17 with a production amount of 703000 tons which provides 3.05% of the total global cotton production. Hatay city is one of the important cities in terms of cotton production. The province holds 10.32% of cotton production areas and provides 10.84% of the cottonseed and fiber cotton productions in Turkey. In the enterprises which were examined, input amounts that were used to produce 5.29 tons Raw cotton were as follows; 26.2 kg seed, 648.8 kg fertilizer, 8.5 lt agricultural pesticide, 404.9 lt diesel fuel, 6417.1 kw electricity, and 26.7 manpower. In terms of irrigation and harvest methods, 71.45% of the enterprises were using the surface irrigation method, and 58.38% of them used the machinery harvest method. Within the research area, subsidy excluded income per unit area was found as 2447.24 USD/ha and subsidy included income was found as 3529.39 USD/ha. It was found that, agricultural subsidies increase the income per unit area at a level of 44.22%, and deficiency payments have the biggest share in this contribution (1052.97 USD/ha).

Determination of genetic resources and their diversity constitutes are the initial step of the breeding programs. Before starting to the selection of the desired properties, many molecular methods are used to determine the existing genetic potential and determine the genotypic values. Many molecular methods (RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, SSR and DNA sequencing etc.) based on PCR technology are used to identify populations, identify genes related to yield and resistance, and demonstrate phylogenetic relationships. Many software’s for the analysis of molecular datasets obtained from molecular methods have been developed and the field of bioinformatics was born. In this study, after DNA sequence analysis; it is aimed to give information about haplotype analysis by determining SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism's) in individuals of populations, calculation of the genetic distance among populations and within populations, and software and analysis used for phylogenetic tree drawing.

Yapılan çalışmada, tarçın yağının yavru alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yemlerine ilavesinin balıklarda büyüme performansı, yem değerlendirme ve kan parametreleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda 0 mL/kg (TY0), 1 mL/kg (TY1), 2 mL/kg (TY2), 4 mL/kg (TY4)ve 10 mL/kg (TY10) olmak üzere 5 farklı konsantrasyonda tarçın yağı içeren deneme yemleri hazırlanmıştır. 60 gün sürdürülen çalışmada ağırlıkları (10,68±0,35 g)olan yavru alabalıklar kullanılmış olup deneme 3 tekrarlı olmak üzere 100 L hacimli akvaryumlarda yürütülmüştür. Besleme denemesi neticesinde tarçın yağı içeren yemlerle beslenen grupların kontrol grubuna nazaran büyüme ve yemden yararlanma performanslarının önemli ölçüde arttığı gözlenmiştir. Deneme sonunda alınan kan numunelerinin analizi sonucunda, tarçın yağıyla beslene balıkların eritrosit ve hemoglobim miktarları, hematokrit oranları önemli ölçüde artış göstermiştir. Ayrıca tarçın yağı balıkların serum glikoz, trigliserit ve kolesterol miktarını azaltırken, toplam protein ve albümin miktarını arttırmıştır. Çalışma bulgularına göre alabalık yemlerine 4mL/kg tarçın yağı ilavesinin balıkların büyüme performansı, yem değerlendirme ve sağlık kriterleri olumlu yönde etkilediği gözlenmiştir.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is commonly used as an antioxidant and antimicrobial additive during wine production. Nowadays, consumers preferred foods treated with natural preservatives. The aims this study was to determine the effects of different natural plant extracts as an alternative of sulphur dioxide used in wines. Wine production was done according to the accepted conventional method of red wines (Cabernet sauvignon). The experimental design was achieved by using different plant extracts (grape pomace, rosemary and blueberry) at different concentrations. As control groups were used wine samples produced without addition of SO2. At the end of production basic oenological analyses (total acidity, volatile acidity, pH, dry matter, ash, free and total SO2) and specific wine analyses (total phenols, total flavanols, tartaric ester content and antioxidant activity) were performed. Results demonstrated that each used plant exact have different effects on wine quality parameters. The lowest concentrations of grape pomace extract caused reduction of SO2 and keeping the required wine properties. The highest value of antioxidant activities and total phenols were determined in the wine treated with 25 mg/L SO2 and 1 ml/L rosemary extract (in the 1st mount of storage) and 25 mg/L SO2 and 1 ml/L grape pomace extract (in the 2nd and 3rd mount of storage) as 89.92%, 5550.48 mg/l GAE; 88.51%, 5028.65 mg/l GAE; 88.42%, 4974.25 mg/l GAE, respectively. Results emphasized the importance of used plant extracts and their concentrations. The study demonstrated the possibilities of optimization of SO2 and wines phenols on the base of used natural plant extracts.

Bu çalışmada, köpük kurutma yöntemi kullanılarak incirin sıcak hava (60, 70, 80°C) ve mikrodalga (100, 300, 600 W) ile kurutma işlemi gerçekleştirilmiş, kurutma işlem parametrelerinin ve köpük kalınlığının kurutma kinetiğine etkisi incelenmiştir. Kurutma işlemi yalnızca düşen kurutma periyodunda gerçeklemiş ve sabit kurutma periyodu gözlenmemiştir. Mikrodalga ile kurutma, köpük yüzeylerindeki büyük buharlaşma alanına ek olarak hacimsel ısıtma sağlaması nedeniyle sıcak hava ile kurutmaya kıyasla daha kısa sürede tamamlanmıştır. Sıcaklığın ve mikrodalga gücünün artması kuruma sürelerini kısaltırken, köpük kalınlığının artması ile kuruma süreleri uzamıştır. Kinetik parametreleri belirlemek için, deneysel kurutma verileri Fick’in 2. difüzyon denkleminin yarı deneysel modellerine yerleştirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında, Wang ve Singh modeli mikrodalga kurutma için daha iyi bir uyum sağlarken, Logaritmik model sıcak hava ile kurutma için daha uygun bulunmuştur. Mikrodalga ve sıcak hava kurutma için etkili difüzyon katsayısı değerleri sırasıyla 9,94×10-10-405,69×10-10 ve 13,26×10-10-26,65×10-10 m2·s-1 aralığında değişim göstermiştir. Kurutma sıcaklığı, mikrodalga gücü ve köpük kalınlığının artmasıyla etkili difüzyon katsayısı değerleri artmıştır. Kalınlığın artması yapıdaki boşlukların artmasını ve ısı iletiminin konveksiyonla gerçekleşmesini sağlayarak etkili difüzyon yayılımının desteklenmesini sağlamıştır. Aktivasyon enerjisi Arrhenius denklemi kullanılarak mikrodalga kurutma için 2,195-2,379 W·g-1 aralığında, sıcak hava ile kurutma için ise 12,952-21,426 kJ·mol-1 aralığında bulunmuştur.

Genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted at large scale worldwide. In most of the countries, GM crops are processed into livestock feed. The land is used for cultivation of GM plants has been increased in recent years; in 2012 GM plants were grown on over 170 million hectares in 28 countries by 17.3 million farmers and extended to 185.1 million hectors in 2016 worldwide. GM plants have been used as feed for animals and the number of studies has proved their safety for animal and public health. This paper reviews the possible effects of GM crops on livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals by reviewing different type of studies, in which parameters such as performance, reproductive and health assessment were investigated. The most of peer-reviewed papers evaluating the effects of feeding animals with transgenic crops were based on GM plants with improved agronomic traits i.e. herbicide-tolerant plants and pets-tolerant plants; however, in some cases GM plants with boosted nutritional properties assessed. In most experiments, either Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, Roundup Ready (RR) soybean or both fed to animals. Measurable differences in various parameters were mostly observed in Bt maize and soybean fed separately or simultaneously to animals. In this review, scientific studies showing the effects of the use of GM products in the nutrition of domestic animals on performance, health and reproductive parameters are investigated.

Herbal medicine also called botanical or phyto-medicine refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. It is becoming more main stream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. This study was focused on a traditionally prepared and used a product consist of an oil complex (olive oil, Nigella sativa seed oil, rosemary oil); which were researched antimicrobial effect of the product alone, and each oil by disc diffusion methods. Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and yeasts were employed in the susceptibility tests. The antibiotics of imipenem and vancomycin were exploited as positive controls. While there wasn’t effect on Gram-negative bacteria, strong antimicrobial effects were observed on Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Nigella sativa seed oil was the most effective. There wasn’t antagonistic and/or synergetic effect for the oil complex product. Although essential oils may be assigned the same name, they may differ widely as antimicrobial agents due to the extraction method used, which may explain the distinctive antimicrobial results reported in different studies. This was the first study to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of this herbal medicine.

Clearing of natural ecosystems and land degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices are becoming threats to the sustainability and productivity of agricultural systems in Burie town administrative, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The aim of this paper is therefore to assess the fruit tree species diversity in home garden agro-forestry and their role for supporting local people’s livelihoods in Burie town administration. Cultivated plants of 72 home gardens were surveyed and critical information were collected through questioner and focus group discussion from 12 households. Fruit tree species diversity (expressed in species richness and evenness) in home gardens in the study sites was determined using the Shannon-Weiner Index. The study basically considers the human consumption fruit trees species. A total of 18 fruit tree species represented by 9-genera and 7-families were recorded in home garden agro-forestry within the three wealth status (poor, medium, and rich) of the selected respondents commonly. From all wealth categories, the highest Shannon diversity index was recorded in rich and the lowest was in poor class category. Similarly, the highest species evenness was recorded in rich wealth category. However, there was no significant difference among rich and medium wealth categories for species richness. The study also revealed that age, land hold size, education status is the cause for species diversity in addition to the wealth status in the study area. Older respondents had significantly higher species richness and diversity than youngsters. It has been also found that almost all (100%) of the sampled households harvest and use at least four types of home garden products for various purposes. Lacks of management practices were the factors which puts the species diversity in question in the study area.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of zinc (Zn), which is a common nutritional problem for both plant and human health, on corn and wheat plants. In the research carried out in greenhouse conditions, Zn (Zn0: 0 mg Zn kg-1, Zn5: 5 mg Zn kg-1) was applied to Çukurova and Niğde soils having a natural Zn deficiency and yield and mineral nutrient concentrations of wheat and corn plants were determined. Shoot dry matter yields of wheat and corn plants in both soils significant increased by Zn application. Zinc application caused to 20 and 76% shoot dry matter yield increase for wheat in Çukurova and Niğde soils. The increase in corn pants were greater which was 174% in Çukurova soil and 127% in Niğde soil. The Zn concentration was significantly increased with the increased shoot dry matter yield, while shoot Fe, Mn and Cu concentrations were decreased with Zn applications.

Sensory quality characteristics of fish are very important factors on acceptance and market value of the product. Quality assessment of fish should be precise, fast, systematic and comprehensive regarding freshness attributes. The objectives of this study were to describe weather the QIM (Quality Index Method) scheme for salmonides can be used to determine the freshness and describe the sensory changes during storage. Quality assessment of the fresh water rainbow trout (n=36) was performed on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 of ice storage on temperatures from 0.6-0.8°C. Through the QIM scheme the specific freshness attribute deterioration can be very well described and the QIM score produced a clear result, which showed that the deterioration of fish is linear and has a strong correlation with the time of storage. The QIM scheme for farmed salmon can be used to evaluate the freshness of the rainbow trout. It can also be used to ascertain and predict the remaining shelf life of rainbow trout stored in ice. Under similar conditions, the maximal shelf life of ungutted rainbow trout is 14±2 days or 15 demerit points of framed salmon QIM scheme.