İnsan beslenmesinde önemli bir yere sahip olan tarımsal ürünlerin yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan hormon, ilaç, gübre gibi kimyasal girdiler sağlığı olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle günümüzde, toprağa ve bitkiye zarar veren kimyasal maddeler yerine bitkilerin ihtiyacı olan ve insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemeyen organik gübre ve doğal ilaçlama yöntemleri geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Organik tarım, insanların sağlıklı beslenmesinin yanı sıra toprak verimliliğini artıracak her türlü organik artıkların değerlendirilmesi ve tarımda devamlılığın sağlanması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Özellikle ayçiçeği bitkisinin tüm kısımlarında %63,9 potasyum (K2O), %21,7 azot (N) ve %14,4 fosfor (P2O5) besin elementleri bulunduğundan, ayçiçeği yetiştiriciliği yapılan yerlerde hasat sonrası arazide kalan belirli miktarda sap ve köklerin toprağa karıştırılarak yeşil gübre olarak kullanılması pratikte uygulanabilecek en önemli yöntemlerden biridir. Ayrıca hasat sonrası geriye kalan sap, tabla gibi kısımlar, yakacak olarak değerlendirilirken, yanma sonucu elde edilen ve yüksek oranda potasyum bulunan külleri tarlaya serpilerek organik gübre olarak da değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu derlemede; özellikle ülkemizde organik madde yönünden fakir olan araziler için bir kenara atılarak heba edilen ve çevre kirliliğine neden olan ayçiçeği hasat artıklarının organik hammadde olarak kullanılması, organik ürün elde edilmesi yönünde çiftçilerin bilinçlendirilmesi ve bu şekilde ülke ekonomisine sağlayabileceği konular ele alınmıştır.

To investigate some interesting functional properties of Bacillus spp. in cocoa fermentation processing, 702 strains of Bacillus sp. strains were isolated from six main Ivorian cocoa producer regions. Three mains technological and useful properties for good cocoa beans fermentation were monitored. Among the 386 pectinolytic Bacillus spp. strains, 86.79% of them were confirmed for enzymes production in liquid medium. These 335 pectinolytic Bacillus strains displayed variety of pectinolytic activity with 50.45% of them producing both pectinase and polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes. Among these 169 strains, 70% displayed both the ability to acidify the medium and to degrade the citrate. In mimic conditions of pH and temperature variations as for fermentation heap, 11 strains were able to maintain their activity ranged within 2.12 ± 0.02 to 0.41 ± 0.03 µmol/min/mg of proteins for PG and 2.36 ± 0.03 to 0.25 ± 0.03 µmol/min/mg of proteins for pectinase. Two species (T10T2 and T6HS10) identified as Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus thuringiensis, were selected as the best based on pectinase production level. They were able to continuously produce both pectinolytic enzymes in different conditions of organic acids and ethanol contents. The highlighted properties in this study and the performance of these two strains may make them best candidate as starters for cocoa fermentation control.

Dünya’da gıda eşit dağılmamaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerin sağlıkla ilgili sorunu obezite iken, diğer ülkeler açlık ve buna bağlı hastalıklarla karşı karşıyadır. Dünya nüfusunun 2050 yılına kadar 1/3 oranında artacağının bekleniyor olması hayvansal protein üretiminin de artırılmasını zorunlu kılıyor olacaktır. Türkiye’de kişi başına toplam et tüketimi 35 kg, kanatlı eti ise 22 kg’ı aşmıştır ve yumurta tüketimi 200 adet iken yaklaşık 230 lt süt tüketimi bildirilmektedir. Günlük hayvansal protein tüketimimiz 35 g civarındadır ve iletişim çağına ayak uydurabilmek bakımından 45-50 g seviyesine çıkarılması önerilmektedir. Dünyada en yüksek artış kanatlı et sektöründe ve bunu takiben yumurta tavukçuluğu sektöründe görülmektedir, bu artış ülkemiz için dünya ortalaması üzerinde iken kırmızı et üretiminde dünya ortalamasının gerisinde kalınmıştır. Görsel, yazılı ve sosyal medyada bilimsel dayanağı olmayan haberlerin oluşturduğu bilgi kirliliği tüketicilerin olumsuz yönde etkilenmesine sebep olmaktadır. Özellikle gençler başta olmak üzere tüm bireyler, biyolojik değeri yüksek olan yumurta, süt ve et ürünlerini doğal ihtiyaçları düzeyinde tüketebilmelidir. Organik ve free-range sistemlerden elde edilen ürünlere talep eden tüketiciler rahatlıkla ulaşabilmelidir. Ancak hangi sistemde üretilmiş olursa olsun, ürünlerin güvenilir kaynaklardan geldiğinden, üretim tarihi ve sağlıklı bir şekilde elde edildiğinden emin olunmalıdır. Bu derlemede, zihin ve beden gücü yüksek nesiller yetiştirilmesi bakımından son derece önemli olan hayvansal protein kaynaklarından yeterince faydalanılması için artan insan nüfusunu beslemede kanatlı üretiminin etkinliğinden bahsedilmektedir.

Asparagus officinalis is a spring vegetable contains flavonoids, amino acid derivatives, glycolic acid, tyrosine, vitamins, saponins and essential oils and it has health benefits such as prevention of cancer, mutation, inflammation, and liver damage. The aim of this study is to investigate drying kinetics of Asparagus officinalis. According to R, χ2, RMSE and Error values, the model parameters at different temperatures (70°C, 80°C, 90°C), spear thickness (1 mm, 2 mm and 3mm), and microwave power (100 W, 200 W, and 300W) were compared. Midilli and Kucuk equation was found as the best equation to describe drying of Asparagus officinalis. R values of Midilli and Kucuk Equation changed between 0.8886 and 0.9989 for hot air drying and between 0.9568 and 0.9999 for a microwave drying.

The study was carried out between May 2014 and April 2015 with the aim of determining the anionic detergent pollution and some physico-chemical properties PH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), PO4-3-P, total nitrogen (TN)] of the Sırakaraağaçlar creek in Sinop. According to the results of one year measurement, it was established that the minimum and maximum values of the anionic detergent concentration vary between 0.02 and 0.98 mg/l, respectively. The results were classified according to Turkey’s Water Quality Management Regulation criteria (2008 and 2016). Sırakaraağaç creek water has been determined high quality water and slightly dirty water (class I and II) acording to the pH, temperature and phosphorus concentrations. It was found to be high quality water in terms of total nitrogen and COD parameters. Additionally, creek water is equivalent to polluted water (class II and III) according to anionic detergent concentration and DO values. High anionic detergent and low oxygen content can pose a hazard to sensitive aquatic organisms. Thus, the creek is especially under pressure in terms of anionic detergent and DO. Results of this study showed that the sources of pollution threatening the creek may be primarily the environmental factors that include human and agricultural activities.

The use of antagonist microorganisms against pathogenic organisms in organic agricultural systems was promising for biological control approach. The aim of this study was to determination of the potential biological control of some fungal isolates which characterized as endophytic and antagonistic against soil borne Fusarium culmorum (FC) and F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) pathogens. For this, seven isolates of endophytic Acremonium spp. that isolated from healthy wheat plants and eight isolates of antagonist Trichoderma spp., isolated from soil of organic vegetable areas, were performed as biological control agents (BCA). The agar media with hypha and mycelia of the BCAs and spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of FC and FORL were treated for inoculation of wheat seeds and tomato seedlings. The harvested plants were statistically analyzed by some parameters (severity of crown rot disease (%DS and scale), plant lengths (cm) etc.). In conclusion, the Acremonium isolates (47.5%) were lower means of disease severity than Trichoderma isolates (74.6%) for FC and FORL assessments in wheat experiment. In tomato, the averages of disease severity between Acremonium and Trichoderma were similar while their means were lower than positive control (The Scale of DS=0.67

Çalışmanın amacı, Siirt ili kentsel alanda tüketicilerin sert kabuklu kuruyemiş tüketim alışkanlıkları ve satın alma davranışlarını belirlemektir. Çalışmanın ana materyalini Siirt ili kentsel alanda yaşayan 150 tüketiciden anket yoluyla toplanan veriler oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde, frekans tabloları ve tüketicilerin ailelerinde yeterli miktarda kuruyemiş tüketip tüketmedikleri düşüncesi logit model yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada, ankete katılanların %62,7’si erkek, %63,3’ü 25-40 yaş grubunda, %64,0’ü evli, %62,0’si 2001-4000 TL gelir grubunda, %49,3’ü ailede yeterli miktarda kuruyemiş tüketildiği, %56,0’sı kuruyemiş tüketiminin faydaları hakkında bilgiye sahip olduğu ve %78,7’sinin kuruyemişi, kuruyemişçilerden satın aldığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca ailede yeterli miktarda kuruyemiş tüketildiğini düşünme ile kuruyemiş tüketmenin faydalarını bilme arasında pozitif, cinsiyet arasında ise negatif bir ilişkini olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Sahlep powder is obtained by drying and grinding after the plant tubers of the Orchidaceae family removed from the soil. Sahlep powder, which is unique to Turkey, is used in Maras ice cream, sahlep beverage and medicine production. There is a growing interest in healthy nutrition in the world. This increasing is increased the demand for functional food. Whey proteins are increasingly used in foods in recent years due to the functional compounds they contain. In this study, it was tried to increase the functional properties of sahlep using Whey proteins. For this purpose, different Sahlep powder was prepared by using Whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%), demineralized whey protein powder, milk powder, sahlep, sugar, starch, cinnamon and ginger. The different Sahlep produced were made into sahlep beverage with water and pH, viscosity and sensory analysis were made. As a result of the analyzes made, the use of Whey proteins statistically affected the viscosity value of the sahlep beverage. It was determined that the use of different whey proteins affected the color, taste and smell values of Sahlep. As a result of the sensory evaluation performed by the panelists, sahlep beverage produced in 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture was preferred. It is may be suggested to produce sahlep powder and sahlep beverage by using 25% whey protein concentrate (WPC 35%) + 75% milk powder mixture.

In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the anticancer activities of Cetraria islandica (C.islandica) extracts on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Cell viability, protein levels, apoptotic cells number, F-actin distribution were measured. Cell viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was found to be reduced in a dose-dependent manner.EC50 values of C.islandica on MCF-7 cells were found to be 9.2047 E-5 g/ml (cell amount) by using intelligence system. Expressions of p53, caspase 3 and Bcl-2, were shown to be elevated after low doses of extract and diminished after high dose treatments. PPAR- protein level was decreased, although AMP-activated kinases-α1 (AMPK-α1) protein level was increasedin its extract groups. ERK1/2 protein level was also elevated in its extract groups. 125 mg/ml of extract treated cells show a low decrease in actin filament density. MCF-7 cells with C.islandica treatment for 24 h increased the apoptotic cell percentage, though the cells-treated with C.islandica for 48 was high necrotic cells percentage. Consequently, the C.islandica extract treatment causes to elevate ERK1/2 and AMPK-α1 protein levels, resulting in PPAR- and then triggers the apoptosis by modulation caspase-3 and P53 protein levels. Therefore, C.islandica might be a good candidate for anticancer tissue, especially soft tissue tumours.

This study was conducted with the objectives to determine the effects of licorice root powder (Glycyrrhriza glabra) on performance, serum parameters, egg yolk cholesterol and antioxidant capacity in laying Japanese quail. Two hundred and forty 10-wk-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four dietary groups, each one four times replicated with fifteen quails per dietary groups. Control group fed the basal diet; other groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% licorice root powder. There were no significant differences in terms of final live weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) concentration between treatment groups. Egg production was higher in control group and 0.5% licorice root powder supplemented groups. 1.0% licorice root powder supplemented group had lower egg production rate. Licorice root powder supplementation decreased Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) concentration and increased glucose concentration significantly. Licorice root powder supplementation increased total antioxidant status (TAS) and reduced total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). It was concluded from this study that supplementation of licorice root powder at the level of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% to the feed of laying quails had no adverse effects on performance. Licorice root powder supplementation can be used to reduce cholesterol level and increase antioxidant status in quails.