Highly digestible high-lysine (HDHL) sorghum-wheat composites have previously been shown to produce better composite dough and bread compared to normal sorghum-wheat composites. This study aimed to test whether improved HDHL lines can provide further enhanced functionality through the effects of transglutaminase (TG) enzyme to improve dough rheological properties. Sorghum-wheat composite doughs were made using HDHL and normal sorghum flours at substitution levels of 10, 20, and 30%, with and without 0.15% TG. Rheological properties of dough were tested using a mechanical spectrometer at 0.05% strain amplitude (within the linear viscoelastic region) over a 0.01- 50 rad/sec frequency range. A more elastic system was observed in HDHL sorghum-wheat composites above 10% substitution levels compared to normal sorghum-wheat composite dough. Addition of TG to HDHL sorghum-wheat composites resulted in a decrease in phase angle values at all substitution level, indicating that TG increased the dough elasticity. However, TG did not change viscoelastic properties of normal sorghum-wheat composites. Bread from HDHL sorghum-wheat composites had significantly higher (P

Public concern on the excessive use of synthetic food additives has raised a great interest to use natural products due to their potential in food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, chemical food additives are questioned due to their contribution to the health risks and environmental impacts. Among natural additives, essential oils (EOs) are extracted from aromatic compounds and responsible for their biological activities namely antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Incorporation of bio-active compounds particularly EOs directly in food or edible/biodegradable food packaging seems to enhance the shelf life and quality characteristics of processed food and protect the consumers against oxidative and bacterial deterioration effects. However, inclusion of EOs in films/coatings for food packaging may put some effects on various properties (optic, tensile and etc.), which can affect the consumer acceptability. Their addition in food can cause some allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to the individuals who use them often. This paper aims to review the latest findings on the use of EOs incorporated with edible/biodegradable films and coatings to enhance the shelf life and quality of the food. Further investigations about essential oils are expected to clarify their exact action and build up their standard use in food industry.

This research was performed to elucidate the effects of temperature on the degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in shalgam beverage. Shalgam beverage was produced according to traditional production method. Then, it was kept at three different temperatures (65°C, 75°C, and 85°C) for 12 hours, and the relevant quantities of anthocyanins were determined thereafter. The research revealed that degradation of the anthocyanins was well described with a 1st-order reaction kinetics model and the R2 values varied in the range of 0.9059-0.9715. Activation energy of the reaction was determined to be 48537 Joule/mole. The half-lives of anthocyanins at 65°C and 75° C, and 85°C were found to be 138.63, 136.72, and 51.57, respectively. Compared the half-life periods at different temperatures, anthocyanins were found to be more resistant at 65°C and 75°C than at 85°C.

This study aims to investigate the views and awareness level of nutrition and dietetics undergraduates about genetically modified organisms (GMO). A total of 228 university students participated in the research (130 female, 98 male students). During data collection, 8 open-ended questions and attitude scale questionnaire (30 questions) were applied in order to determine the demographic features and GMO knowledge of students. Students’ replies to questions; “Do you think GMO technology is beneficial or harmful? If it's beneficial, why? If it is harmful, why?” 76.8% stated that they found it harmful. To the question, “if it is harmful why?” students replied, “they cause cancer”. There is a statistical difference between the answers of first and third-year students. To the question, “have you heard about the precautions that were taken by the ministry? If yes, do you think they are sufficient?” 76.80% students stated that they were not aware of the precautions that were taken by the ministry. 53 participants replied to this question as “I have an idea about this.” But to the question “Is it sufficient?” they stated that they are not sure about it. There is a statistical difference between graduates of Vocational High School and Anatolian High School. In this assessment, it was seen that the basic knowledge of students about GMO is enough, but they experience confusion. Most of the students believe that GMO technology is harmful and has some conceptual errors. Positive and negative sides of GMO technology should be expressed clearly. It was concluded that course curriculums should include topics that will increase knowledge and awareness related to GMOs. Additionally, courses can be given selectively in the field of biotechnology so that confusion about GMO’s can be eliminated.

Tavukçuluk ürünlerinin tüketimi üzerine sosyo-ekonomik koşulların etkisini belirlemek üzere yapılan bu araştırma sonucunda elde edilecek veriler, üretimin şekillenmesine etki edecek, pazarlamanın yapılmasında yaşanan tıkanıklığın giderilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu araştırma; gelişmişlik düzeyi farklı bölgelerde, değişik yaş, gelir, eğitim düzeyi ve meslek gruplarındaki tüketicilerin, organik tavukçuluk ürünlerinin tüketimini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Kayseri, Sivas ve Yozgat illerinde (TR 72 Bölgesi) bulunan üç ilde toplam 1350 (Kayseri 500, Sivas 450, Yozgat 400) örnekleme yüz yüze anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Ankete katılanların cinsiyet, yaş grubu, eğitim düzeyleri, gelir durumları gibi demografik özellikleri dikkate alınarak, organik ürün tercihini etkileyen faktörler ve görüşlerini belirlemek üzere yapılan analizin tüketimi üzerine etkisinin değişimi TR72 bölgesi bazında incelenmiştir. Meslek bazında katılımcıların organik ürün tercihini etkileyen fiyat, besin değeri, güvenli olması, sağlığa zararlı olmaması ve doğal ve ekolojik olması tüm meslek grupları tarafından oldukça önemli bulunmuştur. Tüm faktörler bazında meslek gruplarının değerlendirmesi arasında fark önemli (P

This study was carried out to determine some socio-demographic characteristics of freshwater amateur anglers who are social media users in interactive area. Fishers were surveyed using an online questionnaire. The survey comprised 24 questions. The first set of questions collected demographic data and was compatible with other major recreational fisher surveys. The survey was conducted with 2045 people. The online questionnaire applied in this study has participated in 71 different provinces of Turkey. A very important proportion of amateur fishers participating in the survey was male (99.9%). When the occupational distributions of fishers are examined, unemployment was the most common with 41.7% and followed by self-employed (26.3%), civil servant (16.2%), retired (8.1%) and student (6.2%) respectively. Although the angling fish is generally regarded as a retired occupation, their rate was very low due to the application of the questionnaire interactively. This finding is supported by the fact that 76.7% of the respondents are between 25-46 ages. The majority of angling fishers are single (76.7%) and the average monthly income of them is 2845 TL. The average monthly income of 51.2% of participants was found between 1500 and 3000 TL. 40.6% of amateur anglers are high school graduates and 41.5% of them had university (pre-undergraduate, undergraduate and graduate) education. It can be said that the education level of amateur anglers participating in this study is higher than Turkey's commercial fisheries in many lakes and dam lakes.

The study investigated the water quality characteristics of the spring waters, creeks and lakes in Yalova Province, Turkey. The 12-month study was carried out in 2005 and the same study was repeated in the same stations in 2008. Water samples were collected from 9 stations on a monthly basis. For the determination of the water quality, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, potassium, total copper, chlorine, sulphate, iron, phosphate, zinc and sulfide analyses were performed. The water quality parameters of the spring waters, creeks and lakes were determined with respect to months and years. The stations that are known to receive wastewater and solid waste inputs were revealed to have high concentrations of water pollution-indicating parameters.

Recent years, the increased consumer awareness on healthy food consumption and interest on traditional foods has affected goat milk and goat milk products demand positively. In this study it is aimed to identified the consumer behaviour and consumption tendencies on goat milk and goat milk products. In this context, it was designed a face-to-face survey and conducted to 518 individuals in the two south-east located cities of Turkey, Adana and Mersin. The results show that, almost 50% of the customers are consuming goat milk and its products in different forms. It is also determined that, price, health, nutrition value, digestion convenience and availability are the most effective factors on goat milk and its products consumption and purchase behaviour. Within the goat milk products, consumers are mostly preferring to consume goat cheese and they are mainly using supermarkets as the place of purchase.

Industries, as a source of pollution, have a considerable impact on aquatic ecosystems due to the diversity in the composition of their wastewater. In this study, it is aimed to determine the heavy metal pollution caused by the wastewater of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory in the Organized Industrial Zone of Kahramanmaraş province. For this purpose, seasonal concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) have been determined in wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and in the region where these wastewaters discharge in the Erkenez Stream. The seasonal variation of heavy metals in all stations, generally the lowest concentrations of all elements were determined in winter and the highest concentrations were determined in summer. When the heavy metal contents of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory wastewaters were compared, the highest values were found in textile factory wastewater. When all stations are taken into consideration, according to USEPA and water quality criteria, it is determined that the wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and the area of the Erkenez Stream, where these wastewaters are discharged, were very dirty in term of heavy metals. When these results are taken into consideration, it is clear that the wastewater of these factories causes serious heavy metal pollution in the Erkenez Stream.

This study reports on the evaluation of the antioxidant of ethanolic extracts of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum collected from the Marmara Sea. The antioxidant activity of the two bivalve species was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The total carotenoid contents were also determined. In the DPPH method, all extracts exhibited low radical scavenging activity when compared to the standards used, i.e. -tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with the inhibition percentage in the range of 35.87±0.05 – 36.27±0.02%. In particular, M. galloprovincialis exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 29.55±0.02 mg/g Ext. However, there are no statistically significant differences in the IC50 values of two species. The highest total carotenoid content was found in M. galloprovincialis as 1.13±0.02 µg/g sample. The statistically significant differences were found in total carotenoid contents of two bivalves. In this study in M. galloprovincialis was also found to be high in carotenoid content, while R. philippinarum was found to be almost nonexistent. More detailed studies are needed to determine relationship between the bioactive compounds of crustaceans and their antioxidant activities, distributed in our country.