More than 1000 thermal and mineral water springs with temperatures from 20°C to102°C occur in Turkey. Kangal Balikli Hot Spring is known as psoriasis treatment center is one of the most important among these springs. The main scope of this research was to determine geological, hydrogeological and biological properties and water chemistry of the psoriasis treatment center and the stream running alongside the thermal pools. The spring water is an isothermal-hypotonic and oligometalic mineral water, having average of electrical conductivity: 530 μS cm-1, temperature: 35°C, CO2 8.70 mg l-1, pH 7.30 and O2 4 mg l-1. Calcium, magnesium and bicarbonates are dominant. Neither the chemical figures nor the temperature (35±1°C) of the water shows seasonal change. There are two fish species, Garra rufa and Cyprinion macrostomus, that adapted living at 35°C water temperature. The mean fork length and body weight of the fish living in the psoriasis treatment center is significantly lower than those living at the stream. Some of the fish in the pools showed symptoms of illness such as exophthalmus, scale loose, skin ulceration, pale gills, and bloated appearance. Gut analysis revealed that both species have been feeding on algae, insect parts, fish scales, and debris. In most cases the guts of fish caught in the pools were either empty or had very little content in it. Zooplanktons had little species and were not recorded frequently.

Tarım sahalarının çevresinde, sulama amaçlı yapılan göllerin rezervuar alanlarında biriken ağır metallerin kökeninin belirlenmesi ve toksik etkisinin anlaşılmasında, veri analizinin yapılması önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı, Akkaya Gölü rezervuar sahasındaki toprakların kimyasal içeriklerinde çok değişkenli istatistik analizler kullanılarak Akkaya Gölü rezervuar sahasında tespit edilen ağır metallerin kendi arasındaki davranışlarını bunlar arasındaki ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi ve bu metallerin olası kökeninin açıklanması şeklindedir. Kimyasal analiz içeriklerinin bollukları Mg > Al > Fe > S > Ti > Zn > V > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co > Mo > Sn > Cd > Hg olarak sıralanmıştır. Fe ile Mg, Si, K, Co, V, Cu, As, Ni, Zn ve Pb arasında yüksek pozitif korelasyon bulunur. Faktör analizine göre toplam varyans 72.080 (% kümülatif) olup, 3 (üç) faktöre ayrılmıştır. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizine göre 3 grup ve elementlerin kümeleme analizine göre 4 grup oluşmuştur. Bu grupların kendi aralarında benzer özellik sundukları anlaşılmıştır. Çok değişkenli istatistik analizleri bu çalışma için başarılı olmuştur.

Şalgam (Shalgam) beverage, which is manufactured by lactic acid-ethanol fermentation, takes its name from turnip radish and its purple-reddish colour from purple carrot, is a drink with certain turbidity and sour taste. This research was carried out to determine the effect of using an autochthonous starter culture and purple carrot size in şalgam production. For this purpose, with the direct production process, purple carrot in two different sizes (4 cm horizontally cut purple carrot or 12 cm vertically cut purple carrot) and şalgam with the addition of 3% L. plantarum was produced. The added starter culture enabled the fermentation to start quickly and the maximum total acidity and LAB count was reached earlier. Besides, the addition of starter culture significantly affected the overall composition of şalgam. In the production of shalgam beverage, the use of horizontally cut purple carrot and L. plantarum as an autochthonous starter culture can be recommended.

The objective of this study was to develop mathematical functions to predict deflection for radial and bias tires. In order to develop the models, the data were obtained from the tire manufacturing companies and organized in Excel first and then transferred to Minitab® for stepwise regression analysis. The variables considered in the study were inflation pressure, load and tire width and overall diameter. Tire width (w) and overall diameter (d) was considered in a multiplication form. The tire deflection models in two different form (linear and non-linear) were developed for both, radial and bias tires. The model selection was achieved by three different criteria and % differences between the measured and predicted data. Based on the results of applying model selection criteria, the models for radial and bias tire in non-linear form were found to be adequate for predicting the tire deflection. The results from the stepwise analysis indicated that the load on tire was the predominant variable in the models and made the highest contribution to the prediction functions. The developed models were verified against to published literature data and found a good agreement.

The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to investigate the influence of plant nutrient management on the yield performance of transplant Aman rice. The experiment comprised two Aman rice varieties viz. Binadhan-15 and Binadhan-16, and ten nutrient management viz. Recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer (RDF) Urea-TSP-MoP-Gypsum-ZnSO4 @ 150-110-70-60-5 kg ha-1, Cowdung @ 10 t ha-1, Poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 , 25% less than RDF + cowdung @ 5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + cowdung @ 10 t ha-1 , 25% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1, 25% less than RDF + vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1, 50% less than RDF + vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Binadhan-15 produced taller plants (97.86 cm), effective tillers hill-1 (6.28), grains panicle-1 (101.73), higher grain (3.58 t ha-1) and straw (4.99 t ha-1) yields compared to Binadhan-16. In case of nutrient management, 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 produced taller plants (101.1 cm), effective tillers hill-1 (7.07), grains panicle-1 (105.1) and grain yield (4.08 t ha-1). The highest grain yield (4.25 t ha-1) was recorded in Binadhan-15 fertilized with 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 and the lowest grain yield (2.28 t ha-1) was obtained in Binadhan-16 fertilized with vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1. So, it can be concluded that transplant Aman rice cv. Binadhan-15 fertilized with 50% less than RDF + poultry manure @ 5 t ha-1 appears as the promising practice to obtain the highest grain yield.

Talinum triangulare is an herbaceous succulent plant eaten as a vegetable throughout the tropics including many countries in West and Central Africa and are an essential ingredient in traditional dishes. Experiments were made on the plant to examine the influence of foraging behavior of flowering insect on pollination and yields of this plant species in 2018 and 2019 at Bafut. Observations were made on 1615 to 4055 flowers per treatment. The treatments included unlimited floral access by visitors and bagged flowers to deny all visits. The study focused on the foraging behavior of flowering insects and their pollination activity (fruiting rate). The results show that 14 insect species visited waterleaf flowers and Camponotus flavomarginatus was the most frequent (33.20%). Insects foraged throughout the day light period. Their activity was highest between 10 am and 12 pm. Insect species foraged the flowers for pollen and nectar. The fructification rate of unrestricted floral access was significantly high than that of protected flowers to deny all visits. The maintenance of insect nest close to T. triangulare field is recommended to improve it fruits production.

Spiders are one of the groups that best adapted to terrestrial life among in invertebrates and are represented by approximately 48,000 species in the world. Although all spiders do not weave webs, the webs of spiders are literally a work of art. The main reason for spider web weaving is hunting. Some spider species live in the nature dependent on the own web, while others continue to live without being dependent on the own web. Although basic taxonomic features generally remain unchanged, some spider-silk weaving apparatus may undergo adaptive variations. In this study, the web structure of the weaving web spider, Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) and the structural organization of the web weaving apparatus was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The web structure of A. bruennichi, spinnerets especially posterior spinneret and arrangement of its spigots are shown and discussed in the light of the literature.

This study was conducted in the Aegean region conditions of Turkey in 2020. It was carried out on May-505, a local cotton variety. The study examined the variation of seed yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of cotton with different irrigation programs and water levels. The field trial, which was designed as two factors and three replications, was designed according to the randomized complete block trial design. Four different irrigation levels (IL) (100%, 67%, 33%, and 0%) and two different irrigation scheduling approaches (gravimetric and pan evaporation) were investigated in the study. Seasonal water use values in treatments varied between 215 (0%) and 746 (100% - Pan evaporation approach) mm during the production period. The average yield values obtained with irrigation levels, which have essential effects on cotton seed yield, are listed as follows; 2057 kg ha-1 (IL-0%), 3471 kg ha-1 (IL-33%), 3771 kg ha-1 (IL-67%), and 5083 kg ha-1 (IL-100%). It was determined pan evaporation applications performed higher yields than gravimetric applications. WUE values were between 0.63 – 1.04 kg m-3. The gravimetric method’s yield response factor (ky) was 0.73, and the pan evaporation method’s yield response factor (ky) was 0.89. These results show that cotton is tolerant of water stress. In conclusion, although the pan evaporation approach with 100% treatment is suggested for cotton production in the parts of the Aegean region within the semi-arid climate zone, while water resources are sufficient. When the results are evaluated in terms of seed cotton yield for a deficit irrigation strategy, IL-67% treatment with a gravimetric approach can be used.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of nutrients and water to the plants through mutual symbiosis. Only AMF produces glomalin related soil protein (GRSP). Acaulospora morroaiae, Glomus luteum, Glomus verruculosum, Glomus versiforme are the effective glomalin producing AMFs. Mixed primary forest, tropical rainforest, soil organic matter, clay soil, no tillage, quality and quantity of fertilizers, crop rotation, and water stable aggregates are also suitable to increase glomalin production. Glomalin is a glycoprotein that contains 30–40% carbon (C) which is assumed to be stable and persistent in soil. The glomalin can sequestrate more carbon in the soil due to its high carbon and aggregate stability. Greater aggregate stability leads to high organic carbon protection in terrestrial ecosystems. The lowest glomalin content (0.007 mg per gram soil) was found in Antarctic region, and the highest glomalin content (13.50 mg per gram soil) was observed in tropical rainforest. In agricultural soil, glomalin content varies between 0.30 and 0.70 mg per gram soil. The GRSP containing soil organic carbon (SOC) in deeper soil layers was 1.34 to 1.50 times higher than in surface layers. Glomalin can sequestrate 0.24 Mg C ha-1 in soil when present at 1.10±0.04 mg g-1. At elevated CO2 (700 µmol mol-1) level, easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and total glomalin (TG) were 2.76 and 5.67% SOC in the surface soil layer over ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) level. This finding indicates the effective function of GRSP C sequestration in soil under global environmental change scenarios. Glomalin can also protect labile carbon that can help regulating nutrient supply to the plants. No tillage practice causes higher AMF hyphal length, GRSP and water stable aggregate (WSA) compared to that of conventional tillage practice. The current review demonstrated that GRSP is an important tool for carbon storage in deep soils. Glomalin mediates soil aggregates, improves soil quality, increases carbon sequestration and crop production, and mitigates climate change.

Vermicompost fertilizers have started to attract attention in agriculture last years. Various liquid vermicompost fertilizers are produced and used in agriculture and some of them known as vermiliquer, vermi leachate, vermi tea or vermicast with little differences. This study is aimed to determine the effects of foliar application of liquid vermicompost fertilizer on yield and some yield components on some Turkey triticale varieties under Central Anatolian conditions in Kırıkkale province during the growing period 2014-15 and 2015-16. Six different (control, 75, 150, 250, 350 and 450 cc da-1) liquid vermicompost fertilizer doses were applied by the foliar spraying method at the beginning and end of March in both years to the five Turkey triticale varieties (Alperbey, Mikham 2002, Tatlıcak 97, Karma 2000 and Ümranhanım). According to the results, plant height, grain number and grain yield in spike, grain yield per decare, harvest index and protein content results were found to be significant in fertilizer × variety × year interaction. There is also a statistically significant difference between thousand-grain weight and the variety x fertilizer doses interaction, and between varieties and fertilizer doses in terms of spike length. The positive effects of liquid vermicompost fertilizer doses, except 450 cc da-1, were determined in varieties. It was observed that a satisfactory yield can be obtained from 250 cc da-1 in the absence of nitrogen fertilizers as the top fertilizer. It could be deduced that 250-350 cc da-1 doses of vermicompost fertilizer can be applied in triticale based on varying ecological conditions and varieties in Central Anatolian ecological conditions.