The use of modern breeding methods along with appropriate cultivation techniques facilitates the acquisition and multiplication of varieties that possess the desired characteristics. Therefore, efforts towards the in vitro propagation of woody plants are increasing day by day. Today, plants such as Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus, etc., can be successfully propagated in vitro. Apricot stands out as a stubborn species among Prunus types for shoot regeneration and genetic transformation. In this context, this study aims to determine how different plant growth regulators affect shoot regeneration of some native apricot varieties, which hold significant importance in apricot cultivation in our country. In the conducted study, mature cotyledons of Kabaaşı, Hacıhaliloğlu, and Hasanbey apricot varieties were used along with the culture medium consisting of MS. Different doses and ratios of plant growth regulators, including BAP and TDZ, in combination with NAA and GA3, were added to the culture media. At the end of the in vitro study, the callus and primordium formation rate (%), bud and shoot formation rate (%) and number of shoots per explant were recorded. According to the results, the variety with the highest callus formation was Kabaaşı, followed by Hasanbey and Hacıhaliloğlu. In all three varieties, the rate of callus formation decreased in media containing GA3. Regarding the stage of shoot regeneration from callus, the highest shoot formation with an average of 4 shoots per explant was observed in the Kabaaşı variety in the TDZ (1.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.25 mgL-1) and TDZ (1.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.50 mgL-1) media. Looking at the other varieties, the highest number of shoots, 1.6 shoots per explant, was obtained from the TDZ (2.0 mgL-1) + NAA (0.25 mgL-1) medium in Hasanbey and Hacıhaliloğlu varieties. As a result of the findings, the Kabaaşı variety showed the best result in terms of the regeneration capacity of apricot varieties. In contrast the best regeneration medium was obtained from the combinations of TDZ and NAA.

The study about the economic returns of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) by the use of rhizobium seed inoculation and different phosphorus doses was conducted at Bharatpur, Chitwan, from February to May 2022. The experiment was conducted in a two-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and eight treatments. Treatments were set as factor A: seed inoculation i.e., un-inoculated and inoculated; and factor B: four different phosphorus doses (20, 40, 60, 80 kg ha­-1). The cowpea variety ‘Prakash’ was used. Results revealed that the application of seed inoculation provides the highest returns compared to an un-inoculated one; similarly, in case of phosphorus dose of 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives the maximum economic returns compared to other phosphorus doses. Furthermore, the interaction of rhizobium inoculation with 40 kg ha­-1 gives the highest gross income (NRs. 216005), net return (NRs. 110829.39) and B: C (2.05) compared to all other single inoculation or phosphorus or interaction treatments ( 1 $ = NRs. 132.53) . From the result, it is concluded that the use of rhizobium inoculation along with 40 kg P2O5 ha­-1 would be economically profitable for the farmers under the Terai conditions of Nepal.

Researchers treated seed technology and crop yield as exogenous, thereby generating bias estimates. In practice, seed technology increases yield and it’s stimulated by social capital and other factors. This paper develops a choice model of maize-seed exogenously, then tested and corrected for causality. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted using seven Agricultural Development Programme zones drawn from purposively selected Oyo and Osun states. A block each was randomly selected per zone. Twenty-one cells were randomly selected, then data were collected from 385 respondents using a structured questionnaire: Data were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square and Two-Stage Least Square α 0.05. Durbin score chi2(1) = 6.65 (p= 0.009) and Wu-Haussmann F (1,37) = 6.431 (p = 0.012), showed reverse causality that was resolved by the Two-Stage Least Square model. The Two-Stage Least Square result indicated that education (β=-0.53), seed quantity (β=-0.13), seed price (β=-0.08), negatively affected the choice of seed and yield while farm size (β=2.05), fertilizer (β=0.004), herbicide (β=0.22), output-price (β=0.02), meeting attendance index(β=0.02), and improved seed ((β=2.66), had a positive influence. Social capital spurs the use of improved seed, thereby increase maize yield. Consequently, active participation in social groups and the use of improved seed is recommended to increase yield.

Due to the increase in food-borne diseases, especially in recent years, consumers' orientation to healthy products and their emphasis on consumption force producers to environmentally friendly products. Nitrogen is the most widely used plant nutrient in the world. Nitrogen, a very expensive input due to its excessive use, pollutes the environment and causes nitrate accumulation in plants. Therefore, vegetable growers strive to replace chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen with environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources. PGPRs stand out in this regard and at the same time, their potential in environmentally and consumer-friendly vegetable production needs to be revealed. In this study, the importance and potential role of N2-fixing PGPR are discussed for the improvement of yield and yield components in environment-friendly vegetable production for healthy human nutrition.

In this study, the bioclimatic comfort status for tourism was determined through PET using RayMan model in the case of rural settlements of Kırklareli/Kofçaz located in the northwest part of Turkey. For calculating the thermal comfort index of PET in RayMan, monthly average temperature, relative humidity, and wind measurement long- term values between 1980-2018 with respect to 13 climate stations located within the borders of Turkey and Bulgaria were used and interpolated with the IDW method in ArcGIS program. Afterwards, seasonal, and monthly climatic maps were established regarding annual average temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The maps obtained were classified according to the comfort zones that determine the bioclimatic comfort and the bioclimatic comfort map of the study area was created. As a result of the assessments performed, it has been determined that the bioclimatic comfort situation varies temporally and spatially. The results obtained from the study will be effective in determining the period and place preferences in tourism planning, determining rural development-oriented strategies, and ensuring the quality of life and comfort of the relevant stakeholders. It will serve as a reference for the climate-sensitive approach targeted in upper-scale plans and policies within the scope of combating climate change.

Agricultural management is one of the main factors to ameliorate environment adverse effects. Climate change has adverse effects on water availability in drought and semi-drought regions that constrain crop survival. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals on morphological characteristics and yield components of savory plant (Satureja spicigera L.), an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design in three levels irrigation interval treatments (7 days (I7), 14 days (I14) and 21 days (I21)) with three replications in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during of 2019. Results showed that with increase in irrigation intervals, all morphological characteristics and yield components were decreased. However there was no significant differences in seed and essence yield, plant canopy area, number of main stems, number of branches and stem diameter due to I7 and I14 treatments. In drought stress (I21), seed width was more affected than seed length. The lowest percentage of survival was observed in I21 treatment which was reduced by 26% and 35% respectively, compared to treatments I14 and I7. By increasing the irrigation interval to 21 days, the highest reduction in savory characteristics occurred, so that the highest and lowest biomass and seed yield were recorded from I7 and I21 treatments, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between biomass and plant height (r = 0.998*), total plant leaf area (r = 0.770*), number of main stems (r = 0.796*) and number of branches (r = 0.998*). It seems that savory production can be improved in acceptable amount with 14-day irrigation interval.

In recent years, agricultural machinery for precision agriculture has made extensive use of information and communication technologies. An Android-based module was developed in this study to allow the nozzles on the field sprayer booms to be opened and closed as a group. The developed module was tested on a 24 m working width field sprayer, controlling 48 pairs of nozzles in 4-8 groups based on GPS position data. For control, an electronic control unit and an application developed in the Android operating system were used. Wireless communication between the electronic control card and the developed software is provided via Bluetooth.  The module, which was created through laboratory and field trials, was successfully tested.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott extracts. Results showed that the total phenols and flavonoids contents of the extracts ranged from 24.57 to 316.11 mg GAE/g and from 1.80 to 12.41μg QE/mg, respectively. Ethyl acetate (EaES) and aqueous (AqES) extracts from seeds showed the highest DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50= 5.51 and 23.43 μg/mL). EaES from seeds, stem bark and fruit pod were the most active in inhibiting β-carotene oxidation. While, aqueous extracts have the ability to chelate ferrous ions. Significant antibacterial activity was obtained against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa; and inhibition zones varied between 10 to 29.5 mm. MIC and MBC ranged from 0.7–11.25 mg/mL and 5.63–22.5 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, synergistic effects were obtained, where inhibition zones varied between 7 and 50 mm. These results support the use of this species in traditional medicine in many physiological disorders and could be used where antioxidant and antibacterial are warranted.

Organik tarım ürünü doğallığı sertifikalandırılan gıda olup son kullanıcıya kadar doğallığını kaybetmemesi gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmada ise lojistik (nakliye) sektörü çalışanlarının organik tarım ürünleri taşımacılığına olan yaklaşımının ortaya konulması amaçlandı. Araştırma Iğdır ilindeki 115 lojistik çalışanı üzerinde yüz yüze anket uygulaması şeklinde yürütüldü. Toplanan veriler sayısal ve oransal olarak değerlendirildi ayrıca karar ağacı metodu CART algoritmasının da içinde olduğu istatistik yöntemlerle analiz edildi. Çalışanların %96,5’i, organik gıdanın ne olduğunu bildiğini, %100’ü organik gıda yediğini, hatta %59,1’i organik gıda sertifikasının ne olduğunu bildiklerini iddia ettiler, fakat katılımcıların yalnızca %4,3’ü "Sence Organik gıda nedir" sorusuna organik gıda için "organik sertifikalı gıda", %27,8’i organik gıda satın alırken sertifikasına dikkat ettiği cevaplarını verdiler. Hatta katılımcıları %27,8’i ise ürüne gözle bakınca gıdanın organik olup olmadığını anladığını iddia etti. Bununla birlikte lojistik çalışanlarının %78,3’ü organik gıda taşımacılığı yaptıklarını, organik gıda taşımacılığında normal gıdaya oranla taşıma süresinin %94,8 oranında, soğutma sisteminin %100 oranında ve temizliğin %100 oranında önem arz ettiğini bildirdiler. Bunların dışında kendilerinin dışındaki sektör çalışanlarının organik gıda taşımacılığı konusunda yeterli düzeyde bilgilerinin olmadığını (%69,6) belirtirken kendilerinin ise konu hakkındaki büyük oranda (%61,7) yeterli düzeyde bilgi sahibi olduklarını iddia ettiler. Sonuç olarak, Iğdır yöresi lojistik firma çalışanlarının genel olarak organik gıdayı bildiklerini iddia etmelerine rağmen bilgi düzeylerinin yeterli olmadığı ortaya çıktı. Bu sonuçlara rağmen personellerin organik gıda taşımacılığında nelere dikkat etmeleri gerektiğini bildikleri gözlendi. Konu hakkındaki bilgi noksanlığının giderilmesinde TV-Radyo ve internet kullanımının bir araç olarak kullanılabileceği kanaati oluştu.

Son yıllarda iklim değişikliği ve küresel ekonomik krizin etkisi ile tarım gittikçe daha da önem kazanmıştır. Tarımsal üretimin arttırılabilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği için üretim faktörlerinin etkin ve verimli kullanılması gerekmektedir. Bunun gerçekleşmesinde önemli faktörlerden biri de sulamadır. Sulama, tarımsal üretimin sürekliliğini ve karlılığını artıran önemli faktörlerden biridir. Diğer üretim faktörlerinin etkinliğini arttırarak yüksek verim alınmasını ve dolayısıyla üretim değerinde artış sağlanmasında önemli paya sahiptir. Tarımda üretim değerinin artması, sulanan alanların ve birim alandan alınan ürün artışına bağlıdır. Dolayısıyla sulamaya açılan alanlarda, kuru tarım ya da nadas uygulaması yapıldığında ya da boş bırakıldığında üretim değeri kaybı meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, DSİ 25. Bölge Müdürlüğü görev alanında bulunan araziler için yukarıda belirtilen üretim değer kayıplarının ortaya konulmasıdır. Çalışmanın materyalini 2015-2020 arası yıllara ait “DSİ’ce İşletilen ve Devredilen Sulama Tesisleri Değerlendirme Raporu” ile “DSİ’ce İnşa Edilerek İşletmeye Açılan Sulama ve Bataklık Islahı Tesisleri Mahsul Sayım Sonuçları” adlı raporları oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, ele alınan altı yılda sulanabilen arazilerde, kuru tarım yapılması, boş bırakılması ve nadasa bırakılmasından dolayı toplam 707.048.805 $ üretim değeri kaybı söz konusudur.