For protein evaluation of feedstuffs for ruminants, the Streptomyces griseus protease test offers a purely enzymatic approach to estimate ruminal protein degradation. This study was conducted to determine the enzymatic crude protein (CP) degradability of alfalfa, sainfoin, and common vetch hays, which are commonly used in ruminant nutrition. To estimate CP degradation, fifteen samples from each type of hay were incubated in vitro with a commercial protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus. The incubation was carried out for 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours in a borate-phosphate buffer at pH 8. Significant differences in CP degradability values were found among all three types of hay across all incubation periods. For all incubation periods, sainfoin had the lowest CP degradability values (P < 0.05), due to its high content of cell wall components and condensed tannins (CTs). For incubation periods longer than 1 hour, common vetch had the highest CP degradability values, followed by alfalfa and sainfoin, respectively (P < 0.05). As a result, the use of the protease enzyme extracted from Streptomyces griseus was confirmed as an effective method for estimating the CP degradability of selected legume forages in the laboratory, eliminating the need for animal testing. However, since plant proteins are often embedded within carbohydrate complexes, it is recommended that future tests consider the combined use of protease and carbohydrase, particularly for sainfoin, which is rich in cell wall components and condensed tannins.

The COI gene region is the most commonly employed method for species identification in insects, as in all animals. The importance of DNA isolation methods is increasing, and they are of great importance for identifying insects. Unlike other large animals, DNA isolation from insects, especially from agricultural pests with very small structures, is possible with expensive commercial kits. In this study, an expensive commercial kit and a fast and economical method were compared in terms of time, cost, DNA quantity and quality. It was found that the success of commercial kits in terms of DNA quality and quantity is unquestionable. However, it was determined that the modified ‘quick and dirty’ method can be successfully used to extract DNA from insects and insect parts of all sizes, especially in studies that do not require long-term storage of DNA. Average isolation time for Q&D was 45 minutes, compared to 4 hours or more for commercial kits. Finally, cost is the most important factor in today’s global economy. The unit cost of DNA isolation using the Q&D method is approximately 88% lower.

Honey is known to be a natural food product with antibacterial and wound-healing properties. Among its different types, some attributed more with medical applications including Manuka honey. In this study, some wound healing-related parameters were systematically investigated on two different types of Turkish honey (Chestnut and Anzer), in comparison with Manuka honey. Chestnut honey had considerable amount of hydrogen peroxide (5 μg/mL) whereas Manuka and Anzer honey did not contain any. Additionally, Chestnut honey had the highest acidity among all tested samples (24.50 meq/kg), as well as higher antioxidant activity (IC50 ; 2.45 mg/ml) than those of Anzer (13.02 mg/ml) and Manuka honey (6.27 mg/ml). It was also demonstrated that Chestnut honey displayed a considerable antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens. On the other hand, in the scratch assay performed as a model for the wound healing process, Anzer honey induced the highest cell proliferation corresponding to almost total wound closure for all concentrations tested. Overall, the results showed that the Turkish Chestnut and Anzer honey samples had distinguished characteristics for wound healing that is comparable to Manuka honey, and therefore are both promising candidates for use in clinical applications.

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in chromium (Cr) concentrations in Picea orientalis L., across different directions (north, east, south, and west) and plant organs (outer bark, inner bark, and wood) in a forested region. The research, conducted over eight age periods spanning 1980 to 2020, aimed to assess the effectiveness of Picea orientalis L. as a biomonitor for Cr pollution. The highest Cr concentrations were observed in the east direction, particularly in the inner bark and wood, while the lowest levels were found in the west. The study was conducted in an urban area near the industrial zone and highway, as well as in forested regions. A total of 100 trees were selected for the study, with samples collected from three different organs: outer bark (OB), inner bark (IB), and wood. Samples were taken from each organ at breast height (approximately 1.3 meters above the ground) to ensure consistency. The sampling covered various age periods, specifically 1980–2020, to analyze temporal changes in Cr concentrations. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations in Cr concentrations across most directions and periods, with notable increases during certain periods, especially in the west direction. These variations can be attributed to several factors, including the proximity to industrial sources of pollution, which typically release higher levels of chromium into the environment. The eastern direction likely experiences greater exposure to these emissions due to prevailing wind patterns and urban runoff, leading to increased accumulation in Picea orientalis L. Additionally, seasonal changes, temperature fluctuations, and soil characteristics may influence the bioavailability of chromium, affecting its uptake by the tree. The results suggest that Picea orientalis L. can effectively reflect Cr pollution levels, with significant directional and temporal variations that highlight the influence of these environmental factors on Cr accumulation. This study underscores the potential of Picea orientalis L. as a valuable tool for monitoring and managing Cr pollution in forested environments.

The production of agriculture has undergone new modifications as a result of agricultural technologies. These not only boost agricultural output but may also significantly raise the caliber of produced food, cut labor expenses, boost farmers' incomes, and achieve agricultural modernization. The use of precision agriculture (PA) is expanding due to the rapid socioeconomic changes that are occurring in certain developing nations. There are enormous ramifications for urbanization, energy consumption, and economic growth in certain developing nations when fundamental changes occur. The research status and current agricultural technology achievements are carefully summarized in this study. In-depth discussions of thirteen significant agricultural technologies are provided in this article. All significant technologies from developed countries are discussed so that under-developed and lower-developed countries will benefit from this paper. Finally, some fresh concepts for each technology are offered, and potential issues in establishing such sophisticated technologies are identified. The main objective of this review is to increase knowledge of modern agriculture and the development process in the agricultural field.

This study aims to produce a low-calorie ice cream with a higher nutritional value using red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Four kinds of ice cream containing 5%, 10 % and 15% sucrose and single red beetroot (RB) ratio 15% and control (15% sucrose+ RB free) encoded as RB5, RB10, RB15 and C were produced respectively. The addition of RB increased pH and decreased the acidity (LA) and dry matter contents compared to control. Ash content was decreased depending on the sucrose ratio. While the lowest overrun value was determined in the RB10 sample (23.08%), the highest was in sample C (39.18%). The increasing of sucrose ratio generally increased the first dropping time and decreased the total melting time. The addition of sucrose reduced the viscosity and the highest viscosity values were observed in the sample RB5. While the lowest total phenolic content (TPC) was observed in the control sample (329.69 GAE mg/kg), the highest TPC was found in the RB5 sample (558.55 GAE mg/kg). Also, the lowest DPPH value was determined in the control sample (13.66% inhibition), the highest DPPH value was determined in the RB10 sample (27.98% inhibition). While fructose and glucose values decreased, sucrose values increased in the ice cream samples depending on the increasing of sucrose ratio.

In table olive production it is necessary to remove oleuropein by brine or dry salting method because it gives bitterness. However, some olive varieties such as Throuba Thassos-Greece, Djemali-Tunisia can be consumed without any de-bittering process. Some olives in Türkiye are also consumed without any pre-treatment and these are Kilis Yağlık, Butko, Hurma (Erkence cv.), and Nizip Yağlık olives. These naturally de-bittered olives were aimed to be characterized in this research. The lowest moisture content was determined for Kilis Yağlık (6.84%) and the highest moisture content was determined for Butko (50.01%). The oil and protein content of the samples was between, 16.66-68.46% and 0.19-18.13%, respectively. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100g) of Kilis Yağlık, Butko, Hurma and Nizip Yağlık olive varieties were determined as 458.87, 152.09, 109.73, 234.33, respectively. The lowest antioxidant capacity was determined for Butko and the highest value was determined for Kilis Yağlık. The hardness values of the olives were found between 677.44-3688.06 (g). The L*, a*, b* values of olive samples were found between 26.14-32.05, 2.02-4.78, 2.37- 7.18, respectively. Highest oleic was determined for Hurma, highest linoleic acid was determined for Butko whereas the highest linolenic acid was determined for Nizip Yağlık. Volatile component analysis results of olives showed that 24, 23, 16 and 17 volatile components were detected in Kilis Yağlık, Butko, Hurma and Nizip Yağlık olives, respectively.

In the study, the aeroponic system examined the rooting performances of three grapevine rootstocks (110R, 1103 Paulsen, 5BB) commonly used in Türkiye. IBA was applied to grapevine cuttings to encourage rooting. Grapevine cuttings taken during the winter dormancy period were placed in the aeroponic system after the necessary pretreatments. Significant improvements were observed in root length, root number, and rooting rate during the rooting process of cuttings placed in the aeroponic system. No diseases or pests were observed during the rooting period in the daily checks. As a result of the study, the highest root length was 17.77 cm in 110R rootstock, while the lowest was 7.1 cm in 1103P rootstock. The highest rooting rate was 76.67% in a 25 ppm IBA application in 1103P rootstock and 73.33% in a 100 ppm IBA application. The lowest rooting was 10% in 110R rootstock at 100 ppm IBA application dose and in the control group. The study's results revealed the positive effects of aeroponic systems in increasing rooting performance. The advantages offered by these systems are essential in terms of sustainability and efficiency in agriculture. Considering global challenges such as climate change and the reduction of agricultural areas, aeroponic systems are expected to find wider applications in the future.

This study aims to assess the sustainability level of viticulture farms in Batman province and identify the factors that hinder their sustainability. The data used for the study were collected in the 2021 production year through surveys of 94 farms. A composite sustainability index was developed to measure the sustainability level of viticultural activities. Positive or endogenous weighting methods, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were used to reduce the number of sustainability indicators and determine their weights. The index values for economic, environmental, and social sustainability were found to be 0.40, 0.44, and 0.53, respectively. The overall sustainability index value for the farms was calculated as 0.43. The study also highlighted that 46.81% of the farms are at risk in terms of sustainability, with larger farms showing better sustainability performance compared to smaller ones.

Silaj yapımı hayvan rasyonlarının önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmakta ve işletme ekonomisi bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Mısır (Zea mays L.) silajlık materyal olarak en fazla tarımı yapılan bitkidir. Fakat mısır bitkisinden yüksek verim alınabilmesi için yetiştirileceği bölgeye uygun çeşitlerin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu araştırma, Kahramanmaraş ekolojik koşullarında 20 farklı silajlık mısır çeşitlerinin agronomik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında Doğu Akdeniz Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü’nde, Tesadüf Bloklar Deneme Desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. İki yıllık ortalamalara göre; çeşitlerin bitki boylarının 244,56-314,22 cm, yaprak sayılarının 12,16-17,92 adet, sap çaplarının 20,23-25,79 mm, koçan çaplarının 32,30-49,59 mm, koçan sayılarının 1,00-1,17 adet, ilk koçan yüksekliklerinin 85,11-158,80 cm, yeşil otta yaprak oranlarının %13,66-21,73, yeşil otta sap oranlarının %41,01-59,29 ve yeşil otta koçan oranlarının %23,33-41,80 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadan AS160 silajlık mısır çeşidin Kahramanmaraş ili ve benzer ekolojilere sahip üreticilerimize tanıtılması ve ekiminin yaygınlaştırılması ile silajlık mısır üretimimizin artmasına katkı sağlanabileceği sonucu çıkarılmıştır.