Forage variety development for diversified environmental conditions may benefit from the use of genomic-based breeding procedures. In today's conditions, molecular markers are used by researchers in this field to track loci and genome regions in crop breeding studies. Although earlier characterization efforts yielded useful information, morphological traits and RAPD markers have limitations when used together for genetic diversity research. Different combinations of methodologies are required for diversified aims to study different forage species at the genetic level and to connect micro level traitsto macro level traits.

Background: There are several clinical studies examining the health advantages of several single medicinal herbs utilized in traditional blood glucose-lowering treatments. But very few or no studies on herbal formulations were made as Polyherbal for the same goal. As a result, it is now necessary to confirm that patients with hyperglycemia can benefit from such Polyherbal medicines as Dolabi. Methods: This prospective open-label, herbal coded test drug-controlled, randomized trial was conducted at the Munshiganj and Dhaka area in Bangladesh. We enrolled 108 male and 104 female patients of 30-70 years with primary and moderate hyperglycemia. They were recruited from the OPD of an Unani & Ayurvedic hospital in Munshiganj and different Unani clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive metformin hydrochloride 500 mg two times daily and 2 tablets of Dolabi two times daily by using a random numbers table with the help of an assistant. Blood samples, height, weight, blood pressure, and personal data were recorded—laboratory results were obtained at the study baseline, after 1.5 months and after 3 months of intervention. Results: In the case of the test drug, results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level between the baseline and after 3 months, in males, it was from 9.83±1.17 to 7.72±1.06 mg/dL for fasting glucose, from 16.60±2.35 to 8.23±1.17 mg/dL for 2 hours PP glucose, from 9.33±1.17 to 7.45±2.03 percent for HbA1c and for Insulin it reduces from 183.10±27.59 to 168.10±29.59 pmol/ L. The control drug metformin hydrochloride also showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level between baseline and after 3 months, in the case of males it was from 9.99±2.52 to 6.97±1.76 mg/dL for fasting glucose, from 17.43±5.05 to 7.89±2.42 mg/dL for 2 hours PP glucose, from 10.43±2.36 to 6.87±1.18 percent for HbA1c and for Insulin it reduces from 198.75±30.61 to 183.75±30.61p mol/L. In the case of females the test drug showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, 2 hours PP glucose, HbA1c and Insulin between the baseline and after 3 months, it was from 10.02±1.11 to 7.78±0.93 mg/dL, from 16.88±2.21 to 8.16±1.11 mg/dL, from 9.84±1.04 to 7.45±1.03 percent and from 199.47±30.90 to 173.47±30.90 mg/dL respectively. In the case of females, the control drug showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, 2 hours PP glucose, HbA1c and Insulin between baseline and after 3 months, it was from 10.18±1.92 to 6.71±1.59 mg/dL, from 18.70±3.88 to 7.60±3.74 mg/dL, from 10.58±1.08 to 6.98±1.08 percent and from 200.00±31.83 to 188.00±31.83 mg/dL respectively. Conclusions: We can infer the following from the present study’s findings: The polyherbal formulation Dolabi is able to reduce the blood glucose level. It can be an effective drug for primary hyperglycemic patients.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.) is a proven high-cost protein source replacer and could be grown in a range of bio-degradable waste materials where hardly incorporated into broiler diets locally. The present study was aimed to assess the nutritional composition of BSFL, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of BSFL meal provided to broiler chickens. BSFL full-fat meal produced from kitchen waste as a substrate were examined for their proximate composition, minerals and fatty acid profile. Eighty, 21-d old unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chickens (BW±SD: 665.8 ±14.3 g) were assigned randomly into 16 battery cages (04 replicates, five birds/replicate). A maize-soybean meal-based diet was used as the basal diet which was partially substituted by pre-analyzed BSFL meal at the rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% to produce three test diets. Birds were fed in a completely randomized design for 7-d with a 4-d adaptation period. Excreta were collected for three days from day 25 to 28. The results envisaged that the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents of the kitchen waste were 12.3%, and 10.5%, respectively. BSFL meal when analyzed had 34.4% CP and 47.3%, EE. The fatty acid (FA) profile of the kitchen waste was more or less similar to that of BSFL‘s meal. The estimated AME of the BSFL full-fat meal fed for broilers was estimated to be 15.7 MJ/kg. The BSFL full-fat meal can be utilized sustainably in feed formulation and has a high potential to replace costlier feed ingredients.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating hydrosoluble Opuntia ficus indica seeds extract in unpasteurized prickly pear juice and monitoring its stability. For this purpose, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), browning index (BI), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), antiradical activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and microbial analysis were monitored for both enriched and controlled juices during different time and temperature storage. Before storage, the enriched juice values were respectively 0.096±0.001%, 14.1±0.01%, 0.756±0.01, 133.3±3.4mgGAE/100ml, 5.58±0.07mgQE/100ml, 95.89±14.27mgGAE/100ml and 59.34±5.52mgGAE/100ml for TA, TSS, BI, TPC, TF, DPPH and FRAP; while  0.16±0%, 14.1 ±0.001%, 1.2±0.01, 88.39±4.2mgGAE/100ml, 3.98±1.003mgQE/100ml, 51.08±14.27 mgGAE/100ml and 50.33±5.16mgGAE/100ml for the control juice. The microbial analysis revealed the absence of microorganisms even the juices were unpasteurized. Moreover, the results revealed that the enrichment attenuated significantly the effect of storage; indeed, the use of the prickly pear seeds extract in combination with the juices can be a good alternative to enhance the shelf life of unpasteurized prickly pear juice, and improve their quality attributes as well as to minimize the unwanted changes in the nutritional and organoleptic properties.

Sunulan çalışmada solunum yolu hastalığı belirtileri gösteren koyunlarda genel fiziksel ve özel klinik muayene bulgularının, tam kan sayımı sonuçlarının ve nazofarengial sürüntü örneklerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmada solunum yolu hastalığı şikâyeti bulunan bir İvesi koyun sürüsünde (n:62) alt solunum yolu hastalığı belirtileri tespit edilen 18 adet dişi koyun kullanıldı. Hasta koyunların yaş kayıtları tutuldu, genel fiziksel muayeneleri gerçekleştirildi. Özel klinik muayene parametrelerinin her biri kendi içinde skorlandı. Hasta koyunlar akciğer oskultasyon skor sonuçlarına göre “Hafif Hasta (n:11)” ve “Orta Hasta (n:7)” şeklinde iki gruba ayrıldı. Hasta hayvanlar da dahil bütün koyunlardan antikoagülantlı ve antikoagülantsız kan örnekleri alındı. Antikoagülantlı kan örneklerinden tam kan sayımı yapıldı. Hasta (n:18) ve sağlıklı (n:6) koyunlardan mikrobiyolojik ve virolojik analizler için steril swap ile nazofarengial sürüntü örnekleri alındı. Kan (n:62) ve nazofarengial sürüntü (n:24) örneklerinden Bovine herpesvirus tip 1, Respiratorik sinsityal virus (RSV), Parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) ve Pestivirus varlığına yönelik analizler gerçekleştirildi. Hafif hasta ve orta hasta koyunlar karşılaştırıldığında, yaş, dakikadaki kalp atım sayısı, klinik durum gözlem skoru, MCH Pg, MCHC g/dL verilerinde gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık (P<0,05) tespit edildi. Sağlıklı ve hasta olan koyunların nazofaringeal örneklerinde baskın olarak sırasıyla Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. ve E. coli  bakteri türleri izole edildi. Klinik olarak sağlıklı görünen bir koyundan Klebsiella spp. izole edilirken, yalnızca bir hasta koyundan M. haemolytica izole edildi. Sağlıklı görünen bir koyunda serolojik olarak BoHV-1-spesifik antikor tespit edildi. Sonuç olarak saha şartlarında uygulanabilecek en kolay ve en hızlı yöntemler arasında yer alan akciğer oskultasyon bulguları ve nazofarengial sürüntü sonuçları ile muhtemel etiyolojik etken ve hastalık durumu hakkında öngörüde bulunulabilir. Bu sayede ekonomik değere sahip bu hayvanlarda erken muhtemel tanı ile tedaviye başlanarak ekonomik kayıplar azaltılabilir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Putka Gölü Sulak Alanı’nda (PGSA) yüzey sedimentlerinde PTE konsantrasyonlarının ve muhtemel kaynakların tespit edilmesi, ekolojik risk seviyelerinin belirlenerek gelecekte bu sulak alanın sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağlanmasıdır. Ayrıca azot, fosfor ve diğer birincil üretim indikatörlerinin konsantrasyonunun ölçülerek organik kirlilik seviyelerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışma için göl yüzeyinde belirlenen 8 farklı noktadan yüzey sedimenti alınmıştır. Alınan örneklerde çoklu element analizleri, Klorofil Bozunma Ürünleri (CDP), Toplam Organik Karbon (TOC), Toplam Azot (TN), Toplam Fosfor (TP), Biyojenik Silika (BSi) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ekolojik değerlendirmeler için Zenginleşme Faktörü (EF), Jeoakümülasyon İndeksi (Igeo) , Toksik Risk İndeksi (TRI), Modifiye Ekolojik Risk İndeksi (mER), Modifiye Potansiyel Ekolojik risk İndeksi (mPER) indeksleri kullanılmıştır. Değişkenlerin minimum maksimum değerleri şu şekildedir. CDP için 113,37-623,82, TOC için 10,21-29,57, TN için 0,51-0,96, TP için 0,054-0,115, BSi için 0,317-0,90, Cu için 11,70-32,88, Pb için 10,25-21,65, Zn için 44,20-75,90, Ni için 18,40-50,60, Co için 3,20-10,50, Mn için 142-331, Fe için 0,80-2,73 As için 2,30-6,70, Cd için 0,15-0,25, V 15,0-56,0, Cr için 12,40-52,40, Ti için 0,01-0,04, Al için 0,74-3,49, Tl için 0,12-0,35, Hg için 0,03-0,08 bulunmuştur. Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, As, V, Ti, Al elementleri için minimum zenginleşme tespit edilmiştir. Ni, Cd, Cr, Tl için orta düzeyde zenginleşme tespit edilirken, Pb ve Hg için ise önemli düzeyde birikim bulunmuştur. Elementlerin bütünleşik ekolojik risk seviyesini ifade eden mPER ortalama değeri 584 bulunmuştur. Çok çeşitli türlere ev sahipliği yapan bu sulak alanın korunması ve sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için gölde izleme çalışmalarının devam ettirilerek ekosistem üzerindeki etkisinin takip edilmesi önerilmektedir.

Plants are exposed to various adverse environmental conditions throughout their growth period. In recent years, drought, which has occurred and necessitated different measures, ranks among these adverse conditions. At the same time, plants synthesize certain biochemical compounds in response to the adverse conditions they will encounter. These compounds not only strengthen the immune system but also provide resistance against various diseases, and they tend to increase under adverse environmental conditions that plants will face during cultivation. This study was conducted to determine the changes in yield and some biochemical components in pickling hot peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) grown under different water stress conditions. Two different levels of water stress (%70 and %30 irrigation) were applied in addition to full irrigation (%100 irrigation). At the end of the research, while a yield of 269.42 g per plant was obtained in the control group (%100 irrigation), 150.14 g and 93.33 g of pickling hot peppers were harvested in each water stress treatment, respectively. Total phenolic compound levels increased with water stress; it was determined to be 0.827 mg-1g in the trial irrigated with full irrigation water, 1.170 mg-1g in plants exposed to mild water stress, and up to 1.536 mg-1g in the trial subjected to severe water stress. In addition, total flavonoids and antioxidant compound levels also increased with increasing water stress. The amounts of flavonoid compounds obtained from the trial groups were 0.146, 0.373, and 0.412 mg-1g, respectively, while the antioxidant levels determined by the DPPH method increased in quantity with increasing water stress, similar to other biochemical compounds. According to these results, it was determined that the yield of pickling hot peppers decreased in the case of water shortage that the plants would face in cultivation, but there was an increase in some biochemical compounds.

Chlorophyll meters manage both the amount and duration of nitrogen fertilizer application based on the principle that the chlorophyll or nitrogen content of plants should be maintained throughout their development. For smallholders in developing countries, the use of a hand-held meter to manage nitrogen fertilizer in rice and wheat is the most popular method. The adoption of nitrogen management strategies based on close sensing using chlorophyll meters and optical sensors will largely depend on the inclusion of specific economic analysis in future research. The importance of using sensors and chlorophyll meters for nitrogen fertilizer management depends on how successful current practices have been. In this study, five different nitrogen rates (0, 80, 120, 160, 200 kg N ha-1) were applied to two different wheat varieties, and the effect of these different nitrogen rates on wheat protein content was investigated in a randomized block design. A quadratic polynomial model described the relationship between protein content and nitrogen rates.

Bu çalışmada farklı sindirilebilir amino asit seviyelerindeki rasyonlara ticari proteaz enzimi ilavesinin yumurta tavuklarının performansı, yumurta kalite parametreleri ve azot atılımı üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma, 26 haftalık yaştan 56 haftalık yaşa kadar olan 336 adet Nick Brown yumurta tavuğu ile yürütülmüştür. Deneme 4 muamele grubu, ve her tekerrürde 7 hayvan olacak şekilde 12 tekerrürle yürütülmüştür. Faktöriyel bir düzende 4 rasyon uygulaması (2 amino asit seviyesi; normal ve %6 daha düşük × enzim takviyeli veya takviyesiz) deneme bloklarına rastgele atanmıştır. Nick Brown yumurta tavuklarına proteaz ilavesinin canlı ağırlık, yumurta ağırlığı, yumurta verimi, yumurta kalitesi, yem değerlendirme, yem tüketimi ve azot atılımı üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olmazken; amino asit seviyelerinin yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı ve haftalık yem tüketimi üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu, ancak bu etkilerin deneme geneline yansımadığı belirlenmiştir. Amino asit seviyeleri ve proteaz ilavesi arasındaki interaksiyon istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuş; Haugh birimi standart amino asit rasyonlarında proteaz ile iyileşirken, düşük amino asit seviyeli rasyonlarda önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Amino asit seviyeleri ve proteaz ilavesi arasındaki interaksiyon, atılan azot / tüketilen azot oranı için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur.  Atılan azot, normal amino asit rasyonlarında proteaz ilavesi ile iyileşirken; düşük amino asit rasyonlarında önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Sindirilebilir esansiyel amino asit gereksinimleri ideal amino asit profiline göre karşılandığında, ticari kahverengi yumurtacılarda performansı ve yumurta kalitesini olumsuz etkilemeden önerilen protein ve amino asit seviyelerini %6 oranında azaltmanın mümkün olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ayrıca, proteaz ilavesinin söz konusu amino asit seviyelerinde Kahverengi yumurtacı tavukların performansı veya yumurta kalitesi üzerinde önemli bir etkisi yoktur.

Hidabu Abote, Dera, Wera Jarso and Debra Libanos districts of North Shewa zone are potential in honey production. To enhance this potential, different organizations disseminate improved beehives technologies for the smallholder farmers. However, the impact of the disseminated technologies on household income has not been evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of improved beehive adoption on household income. Purposive and two stage sampling technique was used to select 384 sampled households. The study used logistic regression model to identify the determinants of adoption decision of modern beehive technology while propensity score matching to evaluate the impact of modern beehive technology adoption on household income. The result of logistic regression model shows that age of household head, family size, households experience in beekeeping, frequency of extension contact, access to credit services, access to training and access to beehive demonstration site visit had positive and significant effect on household adoption decision of modern beehive technology. The result of propensity score matching indicates that the adopters of improved beehive technology were earned Birr 2690.383 than non-adopter. The difference in household income between the two groups shows that there is considerable room for improvement of household income through increasing the number of adopter of improved beehives technology in the study area. This should be done through provision of training, credit, extension and expansion of beehive demonstration site among the others.