To investigate the virus infections of sour and sweet cherries, various locations of Niğde province were examined during 2017. Ninety sweet and sour cherry leaf samples showing suspicious virus symptoms were collected and screened with virus-specific primers: Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prune necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), Plum bark necrotic stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV), Cherry twisted leaf virus (CTLV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), Cherry rusty leaf virus (CRLV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Based on RT-PCR analysis, no amplification was observed except LChV1 amplifications, dsRNA analysis resulted in one suspicious profile. To validate those results, more sensitive TaqMan Real-Time PCR analysis and sequence analysis were conducted and LChV1 was detected on 7 samples. It can be concluded that only a low quantity of LChV1 infections was observed on some of the screened cherry samples.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the workable days in agriculture using meteorological parameters, and a databank was formed obtaining the inputs from all weather stations in Central Anatolia Region, which cover a 20-year period, from 1986 to 2006. Running a mathematical model in a computer software specifically designed for this purpose, the data of this databank were exploited to calculate the workable days on a land for soil treatment, crop care and harvest for any given region and to show these data with graphs on monthly or yearly basis. This software may help to use time more economically and reduce the system costs directly or indirectly. Moreover, the data collected are quite necessary to prepare some national or local charts and graphs related to the general distribution of various climate factors.

Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.

Plant secondary metabolites are a group of organic compounds produced by plants to interact with biotic and abiotic factors and for the establishment of defence mechanism. Secondary metabolites are classified based on their biosynthetic origin and chemical structure. They have been used as pharmaceutical, agrochemical, flavours, fragrances, colours and food additives. Secondary metabolites are traditionally produced from the native grown or field grown plants. However, this conventional approach has some disadvantages such as low yield, instability of secondary metabolite contents of the plants due to geographical, seasonal and environmental variations, need for land and heavy labour to grow plants. Therefore, plant cell and organ cultures have emerged as an alternative to plant growing under field conditions for secondary metabolite production. In this literature review, present state of secondary metabolite production through plant cell and organ cultures, its problems as well as solutions of the problems were discussed.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation on the nutritional composition of Agaricus bisporus mushroom stalk and cap. Four homogenous test samples were prepared from the fermented mushroom stalk (Fermented MS), unfermented mushroom stalk (MS), fermented mushroom cap (Fermented MC), and unfermented mushroom cap (MC); each was independently analyzed in triplicates, providing a total of 12 independent measurements of all treatments. Nutritional changes in the mushrooms were determined by analyzing crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash (CA), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents. The best improvement in nutritional composition was obtained from the MS with increasing the crude protein (35 %). The results related to other parameters are similar among all the treatments, except for CF. To conclude, the fermented MS can be considered as an alternative protein resource in animal nutrition.

In recent years, environmental pollution, climate change and excessive use of natural resources have caused problems in the ecosystem. Honey bees are among the most affected by this environmental pollution. Climate change and environmental pollutants cause irregularities in colony development, the formation of weak colonies, the spread of diseases, the inability to return to the hive of field bees, and their mortality and low productivity. Turkey ranks second after China in the production of honey in the world. Honey is a strategic product for Turkey. This study investigated the effect of some environmental pollutants on honey yield in Turkey. This study used the time series analysis covers the years 1990-2017. In the research, honey yield as dependent variable, as independent variables; methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), diazot oxide (N2O) release, pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index were used. After the stationary of the series was tested with ADF Unit Root test, the relationship between the variables was examined by Johansen Co-integration analysis. The effect of environmental pollutants on honey yield was tested by the FMOLS analysis method. According to the FMOLS results, the increase of 1% pesticide use, CH4, CO2, and N2O resulted in a decrease in honey yield of 0.36%, 0.70%, 0.74%, and 0.37% respectively. On the other hand, the increase of 1% insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index caused 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.09% and 0.84% increase in honey yield, respectively.

The unnatural change in the globe under influence of devastating global warming has been quashing the overall functioning of ecosystem since industrial revolution. Thus, the human-induced disaster caused by proportional increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has affected the normal functioning of hydrologic cycle. Under the undesirable condition, the amount of hydrologic variables began to diverge over time. Hydrologic variable should be homogeneous for the reliability of hydraulic structure while predicting necessary design criteria for its construction. Therefore, the test of whether this requirement is true should be performed in the context of any given hydrologic data’s homogeneity before being passed to the implementation of statistical approaches to the data. The study carried out in Yesilirmak basin was realized on homogeneity of seasonal maximum streamflow data from eight gauging stations operated by The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). Yesilirmak River basin area is approximately 5% of surface area of Turkey. Yesilirmak River is one of the major rivers of Turkey and its long is 519 kilometers. There are three main tributaries of the Yesilirmak River, named as Kelkit, Cekerek and Tersakan. Its water is mostly used for purposes as irrigation, drinking, fisheries and wildlife. The parametric and non-parametric procedures, called as standard normal homogeneity, Pettitt, Buishand range and von Neuman ratio were used for this reason. Statistically significant inhomogeneity with respect to the all of the statistic tests taken into account in the study was detected in the considered streamflow data sequences presented.

In this study, synergistic effects of secondary compounds on the total diet amount of consumption and biological properties of Uresiphita gilvata, which is a polyphagous species, were investigated. The biological properties of this species against different secondary compounds will provide important clues in the fight against species. For this purpose, nine diets were prepared by adding tannic acid, gallic acid and p-Coumaric acid at different concentrations (1, 3, 5%) in the control diet. With the addition of these secondary compounds to the diet at 3% concentration, a total of fourteen diets were prepared, three diets in double combination, and one diet in triple combination. Compared to the control group, it was found that increasing amounts of tannic acid and p-Coumaric acid in the diet resulted in a decrease in total dietary consumption and pupal protein amounts of U. gilvata larvae. It was found that the total consumption amount and pupal weight increased with the increase of gallic acid concentration in diets. The development time was prolonged by adding all three secondary compounds to the diet at increasing concentrations. In this study, it was observed that the larvae were resistant at the related concentrations and combinations of the secondary compounds used in this study and reached the pupae stage.

Pectin is a polysaccharide found naturally in the cell walls of plants. Pectin is included in the formulation of many foods due to its functional properties. The interaction of pectin with other ingredients in foods is very important because it affects the appearance, texture and emulsion stability of the final product. With the structural arrangements provided by pectin, different hardness confectionery products, reduced fat absorption products, acidified milk beverages etc. can be produced. In this review, the pectin interactions with protein, sugar, starch and other food components and their technological applications; interactions of lipids with pectin in the body for human health; fruit and vegetable canned process with calcium interaction is mentioned.

Honey is the most known among the honeybee products. But apart from honey, there are other bee products that are nutritious and supportive of treatment. Pollen, royal jelly, and propolis are among the bee products that have the highest number of researches made in the last years. However, products such as bee bread (perga) and drone larvae (apilarnil) are very unknown products with little work. Apitherapy; bee and bee products as a method of complementary application in the protection and treatment of certain diseases. However, in order for these applications to be successful, the chemical and biological properties of these products need to be known. For this purpose, the definition, chemical and biological properties and therapeutic activities of bee products are included in this study.