Essential oils (EOs) are known for its antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. The present work evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 15 different EOs on survival of different strains of different Staphyloccocus aureus strains isolated from traditional cheeses by disc diffusion method. The most antimicrobial activity on the strains was found as oil thyme oil (mean zone diameter 23.203 mm). Clove oil and black seed oil had the highest antimicrobial activity after thyme oil with average zone diameters of 13.698 mm and 11.267 mm respectively. Hypericum perforatum L. oil (mean zone 6.209 mm), ginger oil (mean zone 6.250 mm) and garlic oil (mean zone 6.267 mm) were the lowest antimicrobial activity. New studies about antimicrobial effect of EOs in vivo conditions are recommended.

Tokat, which is located between the Black Sea Region and the Central Anatolia Region and has a transition climate, is one of the provinces with high agricultural potential. This potential also provides important advantages in terms of vegetable agriculture. In Tokat, where the vegetable cultivation dates back to many years, many types of vegetables can be grown. While the farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation until the beginning of the 2000s were satisfied with their situation, in the last 15 years, growers have started to turn to alternative products due to the decrease in quality, productivity and profitability. There are significant difficulties and decreases in competitiveness of vegetable farming in the field and greenhouse cultivation. In the study, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of vegetable cultivation of Tokat were analysed. Solutions for the improvement of vegetable cultivation have been discussed by making determinations.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the possibilities of technological production of camel milk yoghurt. First of all, denaturation of antimicrobial substances in camel milk by heat treatment and their effects on pH decrease and on the viscosity were analysed. Although the pH decrease was present, the viscosity of camel milk didn’t change. In the study, two different heat treatments (20 min at 90°C and 20 min at 95°C) were applied to camel milk and pH and SH (Soxhelet Henkel) values were determined until pH reached 4.7 during fermentation. After culture addition the pH drop was at 90°C for 20 minutes heat-treated camel milk slower than the camel milk heated at 95°C for 20 minutes. Similarly, the increase in SH in the cultured milk treated at 90°C for 20 minutes was slower than the increase in SH in the cultured milk treated at 95°C for 20 minutes. In the next study, viscosity and pH changes in yoghurt produced from cow and camel milk were compared. For this purpose, both milks were heat treated at 80°C for 20 minutes. After 180 minutes in cow’s milk, the viscosity was 9891 mPa.s, and after 210 minutes it reached 25237 mPa.s. In contrast, the viscosity in cultured camel milk was determined as 1210 mPa.s after 90 minutes, while the viscosity remained around 1216 mPa.s after 380 minutes. In the next study, for the production of yogurt from cow milk and camel milk were performed. Both milks were heat treated at 80°C for 20 minutes and changes in viscosity and drop of pH during fermentation were analysed. After the 180 minutes of fermentation in cow’s milk the viscosity came to 9891 mPa.s, after 210 minutes it was 25237 mPa.s. In contrast, after 90 minutes in the cultured camel milk, the viscosity was 1210 mPa.s, while after 380 minutes the viscosity reached to 1216 mPa.s. E. coli, L. bulgaricus and Listeria innocua were used to determine the antimicrobial effect of raw camel milk, cow milk, heat treated camel and cow milk camel colostrum. While camel milk and colostrum had inhibitory effect on E. coli, L. bulgaricus, Listeria innocua was not inhibited

Development of an efficient plant regeneration protocol is essential for vegetable crop advancement by biotechnological methods. In this study, regeneration protocols of four pepper lines of different pepper types were optimized. Different protocols for organogenesis were investigated in regeneration experiments. Optimum plant regeneration was obtained in different combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in organogenesis assays. In organogenesis experiment, the highest shoot development was determined as 80% from hypocotyl explant of Demre pepper in 4 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of Charleston pepper in 3 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA, 80% from hypocotyl explant of capia pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 and 84% from hypocotyl explant of bell pepper in 5 mg L-1 BA+0.5 mg L-1 IAA. Afterward, shoots were rooted and whole plants were obtained.

During conventional fermentation of milk into yogurt and kefir, changes of antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous chelating, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide/ H2O2 scavenging activity) and total phenolic content were investigated. Both products showed greater phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging, and reducing power activities than was the case of their unfermented milk forms. But they were unable to scavenge H2O2. Chelating ability of milk increased by yogurt fermentation but decreased by kefir fermentation. In general, antioxidative capacity of milk improved throughout conventional yogurt and kefir fermentations and ripening periods (except chelating ability for kefir and H2O2 scavenging). This study is valuable since it evaluates the antioxidant power of yogurt and kefir produced by traditional fermentation with 5 different antioxidative approaches. In face of rapidly rising consumer demand for safe, healthy, functional but natural foods, revealed results might strengthen importance of conventional fermentation process and highlight the antioxidative contributions of mentioned products

The widespread use of antibiotics often causes increase in the bacterial drugs resistance and causes many side effects in humans. Medical plants have antimicrobial effects against most pathogenic bacteria and can serve as harmless replacement to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effect of five medicinal plant prevailed in Kurdistan region namely; Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D.Don), Nigella (Nigella sativa L.), Allium (Allium hirtifolium Boiss.), Carrot (Daucus carota L.), and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) against pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and pathogenic Gram negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli). The evaluation of antibacterial activity for these plant extracts was carried out using agar-well diffusion method. Results showed that minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of A. hirtifolium against tested bacterial isolates were (25 mg/mL), the lowest MIC values for S. aureus were (25 mg/mL) observed with C. cassia, N. sativa and F. vulgare ethanolic extracts and the lowest MIC of D. carota against bacterial isolates were (50 mg/mL), Also, it was observed that S. aureus was more sensitive than S. typhi and E. coli to plant extracts. The ethanol plant extracts had potential antibacterial activities. However, further studies are required to identify the active compounds which could be used for the preparation of new antimicrobial agents and control the bacterial infectious diseases.

Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora can infect almost 140 plants of the Rosaceae family and poses a great threat to pome fruits growing all over the world. It needs amylovoran and Type III secretion systems (T3SS) to cause disease in host plants. AmsB, AmsD, AmsE, AmsF, AmsG, AmsJ, AmsI and AmsK proteins are involved in the binding of different galactose, glucuronic acid and pyruvyl subunits to the lipid carrier to form an amylovoran unit. T3SS proteins secreted by E. amylovora are HrpA HrpN, HrpW, AvrRpt2EA, HopC1 and DspA/E. DspA/E, the sole effector of E. amylovora, is secreted by during the formation of pilus T3SS. The chaperone protein of E. amylovora is DsB/F, which is in the IA class. EopB (outer membrane protein) has been characterized as one of the secretory proteins of E. amylovora. In addition to the harpins, the pathogenicity protein DspE and OrfB proteins are secreted via the Hrp-secretory system of E. amylovora. E. amylovora forms a Hrp pilus, which is produced by the structural protein HrpA. Genes encoding antimicrobial proteins cloned and expressed in apples and pears for impart resistance to the pathogen, attacin E are cecropins and lysozymes. The expression of PR2, PR5 and PR8 proteins is increased with E. amylovora infection in apple. Again, the HIPM protein in apples interacts with the E. amylovora HrpN protein, and the HIPM protein is found in higher amounts in flowers than leaves and shoots. In addition, four apple proteins (DIPMs) that interact with E. amylovora effector protein DspA/E have an effective role in endurance. In order to understand the interaction between the plant and the pathogen, it will be possible to understand the proteins that recognize the pathogen in the host, as well as the signal system and plant defense mechanism resulting from the infection. In this study, the roles of proteins associated with pathogenesis as a result of infection of E. amylovora in apples were tried to be revealed.

The studies on phage applications that provide successful results in biocontrol of foodborne pathogens and offer an environmentally friendly approach have been increasing today. Phages are viruses that can infect and kill the specific target bacterial cell. Salmonella is one of the most important pathogenic microorganisms that leading causes of food-borne illnesses called salmonellosis. Meat products especially chicken meat, fresh eggs, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods, seafood products and all kinds of contaminated food can be cause of salmonellosis. In this review, the phage application studies to control of Salmonella in food systems were summarized taking into account the research studied in recent years.

The aim of the study was to design product profiles based on the factors and their levels impacting on the consumption preferences of the apples with Amasya, Isparta, Bayramic apples with the region of origin and foreign origin, and to determine the market shares of each profiles. The main material of the study was the primary data obtained from a face-to-face survey conducted with 600 households consuming apple and residing in the TRA1 region (Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt). Conjoint Analysis was used to design the apple profiles maximizing the consumers’ total utilities, and to determine the market share of each profile. Also, Cluster Analysis was applied to segment each apple profile and their market shares according to their income levels. The results of the study highlighted that low-income consumers attributed a great importance to the apple price (41%) and size (32%), but high-income ones to the region of origin (62%) and colour (13%) factors. On the other hand, while the apple profile with 2 number maximized total utility for both low-income group and all consumers, the profile 17 provided the highest satisfaction for high-income segment. The market shares of Amasya apple referred to the region of origin at the profile 2 and 17 for the low and high-income segments were analysed as 40% and 22%, 3% and 35%, respectively. Amasya apple according to other the region of origin maximised not only the consumers’ consumption satisfaction but also the market share at the supply chain.

Günümüz dünyasında küresel ısınmanın etkileri görülmeye başlamıştır. Küresel ısınma dünyayı olduğu gibi Türkiye’yi de etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de bölgesel olarak çok çeşitli olarak görülen iklimsel elemanlar illere göre de farklılıklar içermektedir. Bu çalışmada bu tür iklimsel değişiklerin illere göre değerlendirilmesini teminen Ankara, Rize, Aydın, Hakkâri illeri için yağışlarla ilgili olarak 10, 15 ve 20 ve 48 yıllık geleceğe yönelik projeksiyonlar yapılmıştır. İller değişik bölgelerden seçilerek bölgesel farklılıkların da durum değerlendirilmesine konu olması hedeflenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ise 1971 ile 2018 yılları arası Ankara ilinde yıllık ortalama yağış 408,59 mm olurken, Rize’de 2262,76 mm, Aydın 634,33 mm ve Hakkâri ili yıllık yağış ortalaması ise 746,93 mm olarak gerçekleşmiştir. 2019-2066 yılları arası için yapılan projeksiyonlarda gerçekleşen verilerle karşılaştırıldığında küresel ısınmaya paralel olarak ortalama yıllık yağışlarda hemen hemen her ilde değişikliklerin olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak bu değişiklikler yağış miktarlarında aşırı değişiklikler anlamına gelmemektedir. Bu manada küresel ısınmanın etkisi yağış miktarlarındaki aşırı artışlar olarak değil, yağışların düzensiz ve baskın şeklinde olması şeklinde görülmektedir. Küresel ısınmanın yol açtığı bu düzensiz ve baskın yağışlar neticesinde tarımsal faaliyetler zarar göreceğinden dolayı gıda güvenliğinin sağlanmasının gerekliliği açısından tedbir alınması konusuna ışık tutması yönüyle bu çalışma önem arz etmektedir.